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Ml IT! MUHAMMAD I'AQl OSMANl
»n<Biid By
Dr. Mohammed S\%;iU'h Siddi(|iii
Revised <^ kdited By:
Mohammad Wali Raazi
www.practiseislam.org
www.fahmedeen.org
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FOREWORD
For the last twenty seven years I have been writing on different
aspects of the practical implementation of Islam and Islamic
solution of ever new problems arising in the different spheres of
life. Most of those articles were being published in the monthly
Journal "ALBALAGH". A collection of such articles had been
published in Urdu about seventeen years ago under the caption
"Asr-e-Hazir Mein Islam Kaiysay Nafiz Ho?" (How to Implement
Islam in the present time?) comprising of about 750 pages.
Even after the publication of this book I had the opportunity of
writing on other aspects of the same subject, and friends expressed
a desire that these latter articles may also be included in the same
book. But I found that an addition of these articles in that book
would make it a voluminous book, making it difficult for the
readers to get full benefit from it. Further, these articles pertained
to different topics like politics, law, economy, education, social life
and individual reforms, etc., and a book of that size would have a
disadvantage for those who would be interested in a single topic for
which they would have to buy the whole book, many of whose
articles may not be of their interest. For this reason I thought that it
would be more appropriate to compile articles on different subjects
separately, rather than collecting them in one book. I, therefore,
rearranged my articles under the following titles and published
them in the form of booklets in Urdu.
1. Implementation of Islamic Law and its problems.
2. Islam and present day politics.
3. Islam and Modernism.
4. Our Education System.
5. Reforming the Conduct of an Individual.
6. The life and message of the Holy Prophet (Sallal la ho Alay hi
wassallam).
7. Reforms in the Social Life.
8. Our Economic System.
9. Muslims and Qadiyanism.
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Of these nine collections the one "Islam aur Jiddat Pasandi" was
published about two years ago and its English version is now being
presented under the name of "Islam and Modernism".
May Almighty Allah make it beneficial for the Muslims and may it
be a source of Allah's reward in the Hereafter.
Muhammad Taqi Usmani.
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CHAPTER 1
ISLAM AND MODERNISM
Search for "Modernity" by itself is a commendable desire and a
natural urge of humankind. If this urge was not there, man would
not have reached from stone-age to atomic era, could not have
gained access to aero-planes and spacecrafts from camels and
bullock carts, nor would have progressed to electric bulbs and
search lights from wax candles and earthen lamps. All these
material advancements and scientific achievements, which have
put nooses on the planets and conducted their buckets to the bottom
of sea, are in fact an importunate effect of man's inherent trait that
he is a "modernist" and avaricious of "better to best" achievements.
Hence Islam, being a natural religion, is not opposed to modernism
as far as it implies to be modern in the simple sense of the word.
Very often it has been appreciated and given due encouragement.
Particularly the use of latest and newer methods in industry and
craft and war technologies is proved from prophetic traditions. On
the occasion of battle of Ahz' ab when the tribes of Arabia joined
together and raided Madina, a renowned companion Salman F'arsi
suggested a new technique for its defence which was never
practiced in Arabia before. He suggested digging of a trench
around the city. This was hailed by the Prophet (PBUH) and he
himself took part in digging the trench (Al-bidayah wan-Nih'ayah
4:95)
On the advice of Salman F' arsi the Prophet used two new weapons
in the battle of Ta'if which, according to some narration, were
constructed by Salman himself. One of them was a 'catapult'
which served as a cannon of the time; the second was "Dababah"
the Tank of the time (Albidayal wan-Nih'ayahy 4:95).
Not only this, but Ibn-e-Kathir has reported that the Prophet
(PBUH) had sent two of his companions, namely 'Urwah Ibn
Mas'ud and Ghitan lbn Salmah to the city of Jarash in Syria to
learn the techniques of manufacturing Dababas, Manjaniq
(catapult) and Dhabur. Jarash was the famous industrial town of
Syria and Dhabur was a weapon similar to Dababa which was used
by Romans in their wars. These two companions could not take
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part in the battle of Hunayn and Ta'if because they were in Syria
learning this technology (Tabqat-e-Ibne-Sa'ad vol 2, p. 221, Tarikh
Tabri p. 353 vol. 2., Albidayah wan-Nih' ayah p. 345 vol 4).
Ibn-e-Jarir has reported that the Prophet (PBUH) had asked the
people of Madinah to promote agriculture by increased cultivation
and use of camel skulls in their fields for increased production
(Kinzul-'Ammal p. 199 vol: 2).
According to one narration the Prophet advised people to promote
their business by increasing trade in clothes because a cloth-
merchant always wishes that the people remain prosperous and free
from worries (Kanz-ul 'Ammal p. 199, vol. 2).
Also he persuaded many people to go to Oman and Egypt for trade
(Kanz-ul- 'Ammal p. 197, vol. 2)
To get the benefits of agriculture and minerals he said:
(Seek your living in the hidden wealth of the Earth) (Kanz-ul
'Ammal p. 197, vol. 2).
The people of Arabia were ignorant of naval fleet, but the Prophet
(PBUH) had joyously predicted that some of his people will travel
through the sea for Jeh' ad in the way of Allah as if they are kings
on a throne (Sahih Bukhari, kitab-ul-Jeh ad). He described several
virtues of the first naval fleet of the Muslims. Consequently
Hadhrat Mu'awiyah (RA) prepared the first naval fleet during the
caliphate of Hadhrat Usman Ghani (RA). This enabled the access
of Muslims to Cyprus, Rhodes, Crates and Sicily and then the
entire Mediterranean Sea came under their command.
Hadhrat 'Amr bin 'Aas (RA) in the year 8.AH used the method of
"Blackout" during the war of Zat-us-salasil against Lakhm and
Juzam, and ordered his troops that there should be no lights nor any
fire kindled for three nights in the battlefield. When the troops
reached Madinah and the Prophet (PBUH) came to know of it he
inquired the reasons for this action. 'Amr bin 'Aas replied "O
Messenger of Allah, my troops were less in number than the enemy
troops, hence I ordered to keep all lights off at night lest the enemy
may boost its morale by finding the low count of our troops". The
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Prophet was pleased with this tactic and offered his thanks to
Almighty Allah (Jam 'a
-ul-Fawa'id p. 27, vol.2).
These are a few examples of the Prophetic era which have been
casually mentioned. The aim of this description was to emphasize
that Islam has not objected to any modern advancement just
because it is recent and modern. Rather it has encouraged
modernity for rightful purposes and within rightful limits.
However, in its own sphere it remains a reality that whereas
modernity has elevated man's material status to great heights,
given him newer inventions and provided him with better means of
comfort and ease in life, it has, at the same time, caused man to
suffer from many depravities and led him to many disastrous ends.
It is due to the same modernity that human history is full of
Pharaohs and Shiddads who were not contented with any limit of
power and authority. Their lust for authority took them to the
extent of claiming deification for themselves. The same modernity
gave birth to Hitler and Mussolini whose ever increasing urge for
expanding territorial boundaries demanded a new piece of land
every day. It is the same modernity that has engulfed the whole
world in the tornado of nudity and obscenity, and has provided an
excuse for fornication, and more so it has led, under thunder claps
to the passage of a bill in the British House of Commons to legalize
homosexuality. It is in the shadow of the same modernity that
Western women are openly displaying banners on the streets
demanding legalization of abortion. And it is the same modernity
which is providing argument for justifying marriage with true
sisters, daughters and other blood relations.
It proves that "Modernity" is a double-edged sword which can be
used for the benefit of mankind and to cut its Own throat. Hence
any new thing is neither acceptable just for being new nor refutable
just because it is new. That much is clear and obvious but the most
important question is, "What is the criterion to decide which
invention is useful and acceptable and which is harmful and not
acceptable?"
One way to determine this standard is to follow the dictates of
reason alone. Hence, in secular societies this decision rests with
logic and reasoning. But the difficulty in it is that those people who
robbed humanity of all the attributes of morality and character in
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the name of 'Modernity' and put it on the road to barbarism and
brutality were all men of reason and philosophy, and there were
none among them who had not made pure intellect as their guide.
The reason is that once free of the Divine Guidance of Wahy
'intellect' becomes a beloved of every Tom, Dick and Harry, so
that each of the different kinds of contradictory elements, consider
it to be their exclusive property, while in fact it belongs to none of
them. In such an "Intellect" one can find glamorous justifications
for every evil concept and filthiest of action. For example, the
names of Hiroshima and Nagasaki cause humanity to sweat with
shame, but the scholarly and world-famous book "Encyclopedia
Britannica" has mentioned the disasters caused by Atomic Bombs
in these cities after the introductory sentence as follows:
"Former Prime Minister Winston Churchill estimated that by
shortening the war the Atomic Bomb had saved the lives of
10,000,00 US soldiers and 250,000 British soldiers". (Britannica
vol.2, p. 647, 1950).
Several examples of similar rational interpretations can be
presented. With due apologies to modesty I would like to present
another example in the light of which the correct position of pure
intellect would become clear.
In the history of Islam there has passed a sect known as
'Batiniyah'. A renowned leader of this sect Ubayd-ullah alQirwani
has written:
'>.U-a c-i^i e**M «0 (ajG (rfJiJi c^-o- <>-j t»»>— 3**JtftJ-k ©• v?«iiUj
"What can be more surprising that a person having claim to
wisdom acts so stupidly that he has with him a beautiful sister or
daughter. His wife is not so pretty, he marries his daughter or sister
to a stranger. If these ignorant ones had any trace of wisdom they
would have known that they themselves had a greater right on their
sisters and daughters than a stranger. The main reason of this
stupidity is that their Master has forbidden good things on them."
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No matter how you react to this disgusting and repulsive statement,
it is an obvious example of what havoc is caused by human reason
when it is not guided by Divine Guidance. What argument is there
with reason to reject this hideous suggestion of marrying ones real
daughter and sister? Hence we see that the dream of 'Ubayd-ulla
Qirwani is coming true centuries afterwards, and voices are being
raised in some Western countries to legalise marriages with real
sisters.
In short, carried away by the wave of Modernity, if the decision for
good and bad is left on reason alone the result will be that no value
of life will remain intact. Besides, man will be lost in the labyrinth
of contradictory opinions and concepts from which no way out can
be traced. The intellectual level of every person is different from
the other. The reason is that, independence from the Divine
Guidance of Wahy is regarded by man as freedom, but in fact he
becomes the slave of his beastly passions and sensual desires. This,
is the worst form of servility. In the Qur'anic phraseology it is
termed as Haw-a( lj *)that is passion, and it is about this that the
Qur'an declared:
"If Truth becomes subjected to their passions great tumult will
occur between the earth and skies and the creations therein."
(23:71)
A group of philosophers has been mentioned in the discussions of
Legal Theory. Their concept of morality is called the Cognivist
Theory. The famous legal expert Dr. Friedman has summarized
this view in his book "Legal Theory" in these words:
"Reason is and ought only to be the slave of the passions and can
never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them"
(p.36)
The end result to be derived from this view, in the words of Dr.
Friedman, is:
"Every thing else but also words like 'good', 'bad', 'ought',
'worthy' are purely emotive, and there cannot be such thing as
ethical or moral science" (pp. 36-37).
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However bad or wrong this view may be to form the basis of moral
conceptions, it provides a true and realistic interpretation of secular
reasoning. Factually, there can be no other outcome of submission
to secular reason that no such thing as "Morality" should exist in
the world, and nothing but passions should govern the words and
deeds of man. In fact secular reasoning and 'morality' can never go
together because a stage is arrived in the pursuit of 'modernity'
when a man's conscience regards an action as bad yet he feels
bound to adopt it because 'modernity' and secular reasoning offer
no argument to reject it. The western thinkers of today are
helplessly facing the same predicament. A large number of British
thinkers do not like the legalization of homosexuality adopted by
the Parliament a few years ago but they were obliged to accept it
because in the doctrine of a purely intellectual "modernity" there
remains no option but to legalize every evil that has prevailed in
the society. How admonishing are the words of the Wolfender
Committee which was appointed to consider this issue:
"Unless a deliberate attempt is made by society acting through the
agency of the law to equate this fear of crime with that of sin, there
Must remain a realm of private morality and immorality which in
brief and crude terms is not the law's business." (The Legal
Theory).
In fact, once reason alone is made a judge to decide what is good
and bad Man will be deprived of every standard that may be used
as a basis to stop a new practice harmful to society. Reason has to
be made to follow Divine standard of good and bad.
The law-makers are extremely worried that in the presence of the
general trend of modernity what method can be adopted through
which at least some exalted human values might be preserved. An
American judge Carduzo has written that the most important legal
need of today is that a philosophy of law should be organized
which could create a harmony between the contradictory and
antagonistic demands of stationary and revolutionary values. But
the fact is that this job cannot be done through reason and
philosophy. The entire disruption has started because the function
of Wahy (Divine Revelations) has been imposed on the intellect of
Man and in this way a burden has been placed on his shoulders
which he cannot bear. It is only on the basis of some valid
arguments that a law can be called perpetual and free of changes,
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but the human intellect is incapable of producing any such
argument. Today some people may regard a law as unalterable on
the basis of their reasons but tomorrow others may realize that it is
not fit to be a perpetual law and they would declare it alterable.
The only solution to the problem is that instead of making himself
a slave of his passions he should submit to the Being Who created
him and the entire universe. Since that Being is fully aware of all
the changes that would occur, no body else can determine which
principles of law are unalterable.
The famous author of jurisprudence, George Paton, has written:
"What interests should the real legal system protect? This is a
question of values in which legal philosophy plays its part.... But
however Much we desire the help of philosophy, it is difficult to
obtain. No agreed scale of values has ever been reached indeed. It
is only in religion that we can find a basis, and the truth of religion
Must be accepted by faith or invitation and not purely on the result
of logical argument." (Portion: Jurisprudences p. 121).
In short secular intellect has totally failed to define good and bad.
Hence there is no solution to the problem except that Man should
seek guidance from God and follow the revealed doctrines. There
is no other way of salvation for humanity. The Qur'an said:
"Is he who has a clear proof from his Lord like those to whom their
evil deeds are made alluring and they follow their caprices?"
(Muhammad: 14)
Hence the only solution to the problem is that every new trend or
custom and convention should be judged, not on its apparent shine
and glitter but on the basis of standards laid down by Allah, the
Lord of the Universe Once one finds any injunctions of Allah and
His Messenger concerning it, then it must be followed without the
least hesitation. The Qur'an says:
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"And it is not for a believing man or a believing woman, when
Allah and His Messenger have decreed a matter to have choice in
their matter" (Q: 33:35)
Another verse of the Holy Quran speaks:
"But no, by your Lord, They will not believe until they make you
(O Prophet) the judge of what is in dispute between them, then find
no vexation in their hearts over what you decide and submit with
full submission". (Q:4:65)
Whatever injunctions Allah has revealed in His Book or through
His Messenger (PBUH) pertain to such matters that if they are let
to be decided by reason they have led to aberrance; and since Allah
is well aware of all the past and future happenings only His
commands can be obeyed in every time. Hence it is stated:
"Allah makes clear (His commandments) to you, lest you go
astray. And Allah is Knower of every thing." (Q: 4:176)
This makes another thing about "Modernity" very clear that the
need for Divine Revelations (Wahy) and commandments of Allah
was felt because it was difficult to achieve true guidance in this
matter through intellect alone. It is, therefore, essential that the
Divine Injunctions be followed exactly as they are. It is a wrong
practice that any prevalent custom of the time be first taken as
correct on the basis of self-reasoning, and then attempts be made to
fit the Qur'an and Traditions to it by making distant interpretations.
Such a method cannot be called submission to the Will of Allah.
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Rather it amounts to alteration and amendments for which no man
is authorized, because that would annul the very purpose of
sending Divine Guidance. True submission means that the
commandments of Allah should never be allowed to be altered or
modified even if the entire mankind collectively so desire. Allah
says:
"And perfect are the words of your Lord in truthfulness and justice;
there is none who can change His words; and He is the Hearer, the
Knower. And if you (O Prophet) obey most of those on earth they
would lead you astray from Allah's way. They follow nothing but
surmise, and they do but guess. Surely your Lord knows best who
astrays from His way. And He knows best who are rightly guided."
(Q: 6:115-117)
"(And when Our clear revelations are recited to them) those who
hope not for the meeting with Us say, "Bring a Qur'an other than
this or alter it. Say (O Prophet) "It is not for me to alter it of my
own accord, I follow nothing, except what is revealed to me (Q:
10: 15).
This kind of true obedience may bring opposition of the people and
one may face difficulties but those who stand this test of the time,
are rightly guided in this world and the Hereafter. Allah says:
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"And those who strive in Our way, We shall certainly guide them
in Our ways. Indeed Allah is with the good-doers." (Q: 2:69)
It is not the way of a true Muslim that he accepts what he finds to
fulfill his material desires and rejects what calls for some material
loss or puts him through some trials. This attitude, in Qur'anic
terms, leads one to lose both in this world and in the Hereafter.
"And among Mankind is he who worships Allah upon the very
edge — so that if good befalls him he is contented with it, but if a
trial befalls him he turns round on his face. He loses this world and
the Hereafter. That is indeed a manifest loss." (Q: 22:11)
The only way to judge between desirable and undesirable
modernism is to examine it in the light of Qur'anic injunctions. If it
is not in opposition to Allah's Commandments it may be accepted
otherwise it must be rejected without misinterpreting and distorting
it even though it may be against the common trend of time.
Reproaches and mockery coming from the people should not be
allowed to change his firm belief. A true Muslim has a clear
answer to such negative remarks provided by. the Qur'an:
-u^lM&JJjJt^ZJL^JiSj&l '-4*1
"Allah mocks at them and lets them loose in their impertinence in
which they keep wandering." (2:15)
This attitude is meant for such affairs of life as have been ordained
to be Obligatory, Incumbent, Traditional, Desirable or Forbidden
and Detestable. Hence these injunctions are unalterable in every
period. However, for things that fall under the category of being
"permissible" man has been authorized to adopt or to abandon
them according to the needs and demands of time. In fact, there are
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very few matters which Islamic Law has explicitly defined as
Obligatory, Incumbent, Traditional, Desirable, Forbidden and
Detestable, and are unalterable. On the contrary, most of the affairs
of life fall under the category of "permissible" and decisions about
their adoption or rejection can be made according to requirements.
We can see that the field of activity with regard to modernism as
provided by Islam is very vast in which one can live a modern life
without deviating from the way of Allah in the least. In them Man
may apply his intellectual abilities and may achieve enormous
heights of knowledge, discoveries as well as Science and
Technology, and make them more and more useful for mankind.
The greatest challenge for the Islamic world today is to recognize
these limits of "Modernity", without interfering with the confined
limits of unalterable injunctions of Islam. Unfortunately the present
attitude of the Islamic world is in clear contrast to this. Our
scholars have been markedly slow in the spheres which demanded
their active efforts, while they are actively busy modernizing the
unalterable Commandments of Allah with the consequence that
Muslims are deprived of the amenities and comforts that modern
time has provided to humanity and the evils of modernism are at
liberty to prevail in our society with no check from our side. May
Almighty Allah give us the ability and courage to fulfill our
obligations to modern times while safeguarding our ideological
heritage.
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CHAPTER 2
ISLAM AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Life is constantly on the move. Every new era is associated with
new circumstances and fresh problems. But the great revolution
which the world has experienced after the invention of Machine,
has affected every sphere of life. It has opened the doors of
research and observation for every art and science, and has created
some new problems in every section of life. If we look into the
teachings of religions other than Islam we find that they are not
capable of absorbing the great revolution in them. The
fountainhead of these teachings was human intellect rather than the
Divine Revelation (Wahy), hence they had neither a full cognition
of human nature nor were they based on the considerations of
changing circumstances of time, nor did they have an insight on the
possible future happenings. The result is that most of the original
teachings of those religions have died under the loads of machines.
Now there exist only two possibilities before the followers of these
religions. They have to say good bye to their religion if they want
to keep pace with the march of time, and if their religion is dearer
to them they have to turn away from the light of thought and
cognition and make themselves an isolated group of people who do
not belong to the twentieth century. However, some people have
designed an intermediary way to reshape and modify their religion
in order to make it practicable for the present time. But, obviously
he is the follower of his own whims and not his true religion. In
this case he is deprived of the religion he followed before. But the
matter of Islam is totally different. This is the only religion in the
world whose guidance is ever fresh. No revolutions and
circumstances make it old. It is fresh today and it will remain fresh
as long as the world exists. The reason is obvious. Its percepts and
injunctions are not the product of the human brain which is
unaware of the coming events. The source of its teachings is the
Divine Revelations. The Being who made it the code of life for
Mankind is the One who is the Creator of Mankind and the entire
universe. He has full knowledge of Man's nature and his needs. He
is fully aware of the changing circumstances and He knows what is
going to happen when and where.
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It is the miracle of His words that, the rules and regulations laid
down by Him in the Qur'an and those preached by His last
messenger Muhammad (PBUH) encircle all problems arising till
the last day. The world may turn to one side or the other these
teachings will continue to provide with. The principles and laws of
Islam would always suffice for all times to come.
But it is a pity that a group of people in the Islamic world known as
"Modernists" have been unable to get this reality. That is why, in
taking their lead from other religions, they have started a campaign
of alterations and innovations in Islam. They have made it their
duty to prove that every exhibit of the industrial revolution is
consistent with Islam. After every such alteration and innovation
they present their only argument that Islamic Injunctions must
change because the world has greatly changed after the industrial
revolution bringing about revolutionary changes in thought and
practice.
In this connection we wish to point out two types of changes that
have occurred in every walk of life as a result of the industrial
revolution of Europe. Some of them were inevitable for the present
advancements and without them it was not possible for Science and
Technology to have attained the present standard. It was due to
these that the world had benefited by the latest inventions, large
factories came into being, bridges have been constructed, big dams
and useful additions to human knowledge have been made. This
aspect of the industrial revolution is indeed commendable and it is
imperative for the Islamic world to progress in this field. Islam
does not place any obstacle in this direction. Rather, it looks at this
achievement of power with approbation.
But, at the same time, there are some changes that are not at all
essential for industrial and material progress. The West has
associated them to industrial revolution for no reason, and now
realizing this error is sighing with grief. Obscenity and nudity, free
mixing of men and women, music and dances, interest and birth
control are things that have nothing to do with material and
industrial progress. Experience has proved that these things have
served as an obstacle rather than assistance towards progress.
This is the evil from which the Islamic world has to save itself very
diligently. Industrial revolution in the Islamic world has become a
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necessity, but it should be a revolution free of the profanities of
Western civilization which have led them to the brink of total
destruction. Unfortunately, our modernist group wants us to accept
the industrial revolution of the West as it is, without an iota of
change in it, and thus drown ourselves in their ideological and
practical aberrances even before the Machine has taken roots in our
society. That is why, instead of developing Science and
Technology, this group is spending its energy in molding Islam to
bring it in conformity with Western civilization. Supporting this
new viewpoint the official spokesman of monthly 'Fikr-o-Nazar'
of the Institute of Islamic Research, writes as under:
"The entire life style of Pakistan will be changed after the
completion of the fourth five-year plan. The rule of machine will
prevail, and due to this family life will change, economy and social
values will change, there will be changes in the relations between
man and woman, and obviously, individual and collective thinking
will be affected, and people will think more positively". (Fikr-o-
Nazar p. 733, voL2, p. 12)
It is obvious that such people do not want to make any distinction
between the industrial revolution of the Islamic World and that of
the West. Our humble submission is that the "rule of machine" in
the industrial sphere is not negated, what we think highly
venomous are the changes in the family life, economy and social
values, relationship of man and woman and the thought of general
people.
These "changes" do not match with the temperament of Islamic
ideologies. A study of Industrial Revolution of the West itself leads
us to think that we shall have to abstain from these "changes" if we
want to lead a peaceful life despite the sway of machine in our
lives.
The philosopher-poet of Pakistan, Iqbal, had a deep insight into the
state of West, he said:
ofy*"3- AAj£f>£&&ty
'Christianity (in Europe) is blackened with the smoke of
machines"
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And,
"The rule of machine is the death of soul. Instruments only crush
the sense of tolerance."
It will not be proper to deduce from the above that he was allergic
to machines and instruments or that he opposed the progress of
Technology. What he means is that the evil which the West has
imposed on them along with the machines is detestable and should
be avoided.
Under the present circumstances proper line of action for us is that
in the pursuit of industrial revolution we should not blindly march
on the path that has carried the West to the brink of total
destruction. The industrial revolution will give rise to many
difficulties and new problems, which will be resolved under the
Islamic guidance and this solution, will be free from the defects of
the Western thought. Rather, we should acquire science and
technology with deep insight and open mind in a manner that
Islamic values are not injured.
On the contrary, if alteration and innovation is carried out in Islam
itself, to fit it into the framework of Western civilization and,
somehow or the other, it is molded to meet the requirement of the
modern time, what credit goes to Islam for this? In this manner any
religion can be brought in conformity with the present time by
twisting and distorting it. There are many who demonstrated such
artistry in their religions. The credit of this goes to them and not to
the poor religion that became a plaything in their hands. We
honestly feel that Islam cannot be matched with other religions.
Treating Islam in this manner is by no means justified, and any
such attempt will be an interpolation in religion and hence
condemnable.
No doubt many injunctions of Islam are flexible enough to accept
changes in varying circumstances. But there are certain prescribed
rules which must be observed when applying these to new
problems. It does not mean that every Islamic injunction can be
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dissolved in the ready- made mixture of modern necessities. It may
be understood that the Islamic injunctions prescribed by the
Qur'an, the Sunnah and by the consensus of the Ummah are fixed
and unalterable. They cannot be changed in any period. However,
in the matters, which can be influenced by change of time, the
Holy Qur'an and Sunnah have provided us with some basic
principles without giving specific commandment for a specific
condition. These principles can be used as a basis for the
deductions of new injunctions in every period. Had Islam permitted
the people of every time to deduce Islamic injunctions according to
their circumstances and in opposition to the unanimous decisions
of the Muslim Ummah, it would not have provided us with such
comprehensive and detailed commandments in every sphere of life.
Rather, it would have said, "Keep making your own
commandments according to your circumstances." On the contrary,
Islam has provided us with specific and elaborate precepts with
divine wisdom in order that they are to be observed up to the end
of time. In short, these Islamic injunctions are fixed and cannot be
changed simply because time has changed. They are not only
practicable up to the Day of Judgment but they, in fact, hold the
key to real material progress of the Muslims.
There are injunctions, the Qur'an and traditions have themselves
left to be decided by time, which are alterable. They can be
changed, and are being changed, according to the circumstances.
But in the guise of this flexibility our modernists not only try to
change those unanimously accepted injunctions that are being
accepted as established for the last fourteen centuries but they
desire to make amends even in certain beliefs that are against the
clear and explicit injunctions of the Quran and Sunnah, though not
accepted by a single person of any significance.
In case we allow this attitude to be correct it would imply that no
basic belief of Islam has been understood by any one in the last
fourteen hundred years. It requires our serious thought if such a
religion is worthy of being followed by any sensible person?
How funny it is that our modernists feel the change of time only
when they want to give religious sanction to an activity or when
they want to seek approval to a thought or practice of western
ideology. On the contrary, when the change of time demands labor
or some hard work they do not even think of it. For example, the
modernists have made loud claims that usury and interest should be
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made permissible because time has changed but none of them ever
demanded that the concessions in the Salah (Five daily prayers of
worship) and Fasting during journeys should be withdrawn because
the change of time has made journey far more comfortable and
easy than it was in olden days. They never insisted that these
facilities should be withdrawn in modern time and they were meant
only for the time foregone.
The hedonistic attitude of Modernism can be well conceived with
this diversity of action. In fact all its arguments are designed for
their pre-conceived ideas. Since their aim is to infuse Western
ideologies in Islam they look for any situation where this may be
achieved and they use, any trivial thing they find, as an argument,
no matter how transient and superfluous it may be. Whereas the
same argument is simply ignored when it turns against their
intentions. How I wish that our Modernists think over these
submissions seriously and realistically and their able efforts are
spent on some constructive service instead of distorting or
innovating the Islamic guidance.
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CHAPTER 3
THE DEMANDS OF TIME
"Religious scholars (Ulema) should behave according to the
demands of time". This is a catchword we hear in a new style
almost every day. Most of our secular minded leaders are repeating
this suggestion off and on. And now we hear the echo of this
suggestion even in our high level social gatherings whenever a
religious subject comes under discussion. A group of people in our
country is busy in surgical maneuvers on the explicit injunctions of
Islam and its established principles under the guise of modernism.
They regard religious scholars as the biggest obstacle in their path.
They consider that their success depends on baseless accusations
and malicious propaganda against religious scholars in whichever
way it is possible. For this, they have adopted the ambiguous
phrase "Demands of Time" as a hypnotizer for the modern minds,
and make this a basis for their repeated appeals to the people and
the government that religious scholars are the biggest obstacle in
the way of progress and hence no heed should be paid to them and
to what they say.
We leave them at the will of Allah from Whom no secrets of hearts
are hidden. But there are some people who quite sincerely and
seriously feel that religious scholars are unaware of the needs and
demands of the modem age, and it is a result of this ignorance that
they oppose every new thing. In these lines we wish to address this
very group of people. But before this we humbly submit that if they
are really well-wishers of Islam and Muslims they should give a
cool thought to this matter and, for a little while, make free their
minds from the grip of such hasty suggestions and try to
understand what is meant by the "Demands of Time" and what is
the best method of fulfilling it? With unbiased minds they should
examine these allegations against the Ulema, the Islamic scholars.
The first thing to be defined is the phrase "Meeting the Demands of
Time"? We feel that those who are so forcefully preaching the
importance of demands of time themselves do not have a clear
conception of these demands. They are simply making the
ambiguous claims that religious scholars are opposed to the
Demands of Time. But they never made it clear as to what those
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specific demands are which are opposed by the Ulema. If by the
"Demands of Time" they mean that Muslims should endeavor to
equip themselves with all the means of science and technology
without which it is not possible to survive as a free nation in the
world of today then indeed this is the greatest need and demand of
this time. For God's sake tell us who is the single scholar who
forbids this most important demand of time? Which of these
scholars, and when, has issued any verdict (Fatwa) that progress in
the fields of science and technology is forbidden, unlawful,
meaningless or useless? Science has made amazing progress in the
recent years and it is in progress. Even in our life-time we have
seen that newer inventions are coming up every day. How many of
them have been opposed by the religious scholars? Electricity,
Telegraphy, Telephone, Teleprinter, Wireless Radio, Transistors,
Tape Recorders, Cars, Heavy Motor Vehicles, Aero planes,
Steamers, Trains, Tanks, Mortars, Fighter Planes, Bombers,
Submarines, Warships, Rockets, Missiles, Radar, Industrial
Machines, Factories, Tractors, Chemical Fertilizers, Insecticides
and Pesticides, Surgical Instruments, X-ray & other Radiological
Machines are in use with religious sanction of Islam. All sources of
knowledge in Arts, Science, Commerce, Mathematics, Geography,
Geology, Astronomy, Civics, and Politics are some examples of
material progress. Which of these has ever been opposed by
religious scholars or any obstacles been placed in their way?
The history of the past twenty years of our developing country is a
witness to the fact that by the Grace of Allah our country has
advanced by leaps and bounds in material and economic progress
perfectly corresponding to the wishes of our righteous religious
scholars and religious circles. Many of the great economic schemes
have been completed during this period, large factories have been
erected, vast network of roadways constructed, numerous canals
dug out for irrigation, many dams were made, the old
communication system was replaced with new inventions, many
colleges and universities for various sciences and arts came into
existence and barren land was cultivated. Only an insane person
can feel unhappy about these advancements. Once again I ask our
modernists to point out just one religious scholar who ever opposed
these achievements, or ever criticized production of expert
scientists or educating people in engineering, or constructing
roadways, factories, bridges, canals, river dams, using advanced
technology in arms and ammunition for the country's defense, or
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ever suggested that our army should not be trained in modern
machine warfare, or that the latest telecommunication means
should not be adopted, or education and training in modern arts and
sciences should be stopped.
If none of the religious scholars has ever opposed it there can be no
other interpretation of these baseless accusations except malice and
enmity against the righteous scholars of Islam. We know, not one
but countless such scholars whose hopes and trust are centered on
Pakistan, and it is their greatest desire that side by side it marches
on the straight path of Islam, Pakistan should progress by leaps and
bounds in the material fields as well. That is why on the one hand
they have been emphasizing on the Muslims that achievements of
expertise of science and technology is an important component of
our obligations, and if we fail to fulfill our obligations we shall be
presented before Allah as an offender, and on the other hand they
are praying day and night for the prosperity and integrity of
Pakistan which is best known by Allah, the All-knowing, All-
aware.
We are, however, presenting below the excerpts from the writings
of some of those religious scholars who are being blamed of
opposing science and technology.
In Pakistan the most renowned of the religious scholars was
Moulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani. His selfless sacrifices for the
freedom of Pakistan can not be forgotten. In a conference at Dacca,
in 1949, while explaining the policy of Pakistani scholars he
declared in quite unequivocal terms:
"No matter what treatment we meet from those in authority, we
shall leave no stone unturned to make this new country safe and
strong for the pleasure of Allah and supremacy of Islam and
believers of Islam" (Presidential address Jamiat Ulem'a-e-Islam
Conference, Dacca 10 February, 1949)
Further in the same speech he said,
"We should not lag behind and show any laziness in the
procurement of these material means and equipments to the last bit
of our ability and competency, so that we may lower the morale of
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our enemy and show our supremacy on them, because this is in
accordance with the Qur'anic injunction."
Continuing, he further said:
"In my opinion the secret of all our success and prosperity lies in
the four words namely, Patience and Perseverance, Fear of Allah
and Purity, Unity of nation, and Numerical strength to the possible
limits. In short, we must keep our relations with Allah in the right
direction in our individual and collective life, so that we deserve
His favor and assistance. And I pray that the entire Muslim nation
should unite together and bring forth the Power that would subdue
all evil forces".
The Grand Mufti of Pakistan, Mufti Muhammad Shafi, President,
Darul Ulum, Karachi, has written in his treatise 'Jihad' as under,
"Indeed, the Patience, the fear of Allah and total belief in and
submission to Allah is the real and unconquerable strength of
Muslims. Along with it, however, it is also essential that equipment
of war and ammunition proper to the time and place should be
acquired and stored. The Prophet (SA) always arranged for war
exercises, and issued instructions to collect and acquire all those
weapons that were in vogue anywhere in those days. It has been
reported by Ibn-e-Kathir in his book "Al- Hidayah wan Nihayah"
under the caption of Battle of Hunayn that two of the Prophets'
companions could not take part in Jihad because they were in
Damascus learning the techniques of manufacturing war weapons
called 'Dababa' and 'Dhabur' (The carriages that were used as
Tanks in those days). Similarly, catapults were also manufactured
there.
"This incidence also proves that it is obligatory for the Muslims to
make their countries self sufficient in war weapons and technology
and should not depend on others. Otherwise the Prophet could have
purchased those carriages and catapults rather than sending his men
to learn the techniques to manufacture them by themselves. We are
bound to think it seriously how much our country is in need of all
the equipment and weapons of war used in modern warfare so that
we may not be lagging behind. We must put all our energy and
resources to fulfill the aim that we become self sufficient in the
nearest possible future." ('Jihad' pp.53 to 56)
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In another of his books "Modern Weapons" the Grand Mufti has
said:
"In short the industrial products and inventions, be they new or old,
if related to mankind's economic prosperity, are all benefactions of
Allah that have been bestowed on human beings. Man should be
wise enough to take full benefits from them and be grateful to
Almighty Allah." ('Ala'te-Jadidah p. 15).
And Moulana Zafar Ahmad Usmani, Sheikh-ul-Hadith, Darul-
Ulum-al-Islamiya, Tando Allah Yar, writes in one of his recent
articles:
"War weapons and technology against the enemy should be raised
to the extent that the enemy is overawed with them. Our earlier
Caliphs and Sultans religiously followed this rule. The companion
Hadhrat Mu'awiyah (RA) had prepared a fleet of 500 warships
during the time of Hadhrat Usman (RA), the third Caliph. He used
to supervise personally the collection of all defense equipments and
never depended on others as we do today. The Muslim nations
should join together to build up factories for ammunition and other
weapons, and a continued process of research and inventions must
be carried out. All these efforts are in conformity with Qur'anic
injunctions." (Monthly Al-Balagh, p44 J.A 1387 (AH).
Moulana Muhammad Yusuf Binorri, Sheikh-ul-Hadith, Madrasah
Arabiyah, New Town (Binnori Town), Karachi, writes:
"There is no scarcity in the Islamic world, rather there is an
abundance of natural resources, material reserves and wealth, but
how great a tragedy it is that a major portion of their wealth is
utilized by the enemies through deposits in foreign banks, or spent
in extravagance, debauchery, undue luxuries, and immoralities. But
defense stability, military training and ordinance factories are
practically negligible, while the enemies of Islam are constructing
airports, naval fleets, military cantonments and large ordinance
factories. But the Islamic world is not only indulged in profane
pursuits but has shown criminal negligence towards material
progress." (Monthly B aiyyenat, Karachi, R.S. 1387 (AH), p.4)
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Moulana Abdul Haq, Sheikh-ul-Hadith of Darul-ulum Haqqania,
Akora Khattak, has elaborated the same view in one of his
speeches:
"You have acquired only immorality and evil - doings from
Europe. They manufacture one plane and innumerable rockets in a
minute and collect billions of dollars to save the Jews, and we
remain asleep in our luxuries. If we ignore our collective problems
the result can not be other than destruction." (Monthly Al-Haq,
July 1967, p. 17)
Moulana Shamsul Haq Afghani has written in one of his recent
articles "Taraqqi aur Islam" (Islam and Progress):
"Our deprivation from progress and our present decline is the result
of our neglect towards Islam, otherwise Islam and Progress are
inseparable.... According to this verse it is obligatory on all
Muslims that in all the modern equipments and instruments they
should progress to the extent that they should be at least at par with
Christian nations if not exceed them. The Islamic world must use
all its resources for this purpose." (Monthly 'Al-Haq', Sept 1967
p.22)
Above are the utterances of some high ranking and renowned
religious scholars. These have come to our view just abruptly
without any special efforts to find them. Those who had been
reading the views of these scholars know it fully well that not only
the religious scholars never opposed Science and Technology but
they had always been inducing the Muslims to attain them. Despite
this reality before their eyes there is a group of people who are
beating their drums high and loud that the religious scholars are
opposed to progress and advancement, they are allergic to Science
and Technology, they give no importance to the demands of time,
and discard every new thing.
The cleverest advocate of "Falsehood" was Goebbels, who spoke
the Truth when he said that if "falsehood" is spread with full force
the world starts taking it as the "truth". Our modernists have also
been following Goebbels' adage so much so that even some of the
very learned and balanced of mind people regard this slogan as true
while it is just a false blame, cunningly produced by propaganda
machines of modern time.
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If, however, these people consider music and dance, nudity and
obscenity, profligacy and immodesty, co-education, free inter
mixing of men and women, usury in banking, and birth control as
demands of time and means of progress, then indeed the religious
scholars have openly opposed them, and they should have done so;
they still do it and will continue doing it. We may be informed
what logic and reason has ever claimed these things to be the
demands of time? They must bring some logical argument to prove
what relation material progress has with music and dances? Which
is that progress that would stop without nudity and obscenity?
What are the genuine obstacles in the way of promoting interest-
free banking? How does co-education and free mixing of men and
women help in science and technology?
The modernists may call music and dances, coeducation and mixed
gatherings, etc. as the demands of time, but in view of the
circumstances we sincerely believe that the greatest need and
demand of the present time is that the Islamic world should totally
eradicate these things with full might and power. This is because,
the magnitude of the fatalities that has come to the forefront in the
twentieth century was never witnessed before. The very Western
intelligentsia itself is showing clear signs of extreme anxiety and
restlessness on their premature but immoral and irrational social
advancement. No literate person of the world can claim to be
ignorant of this outcry that is echoing from the meeting chambers
of Western thinkers as a result of social and moral ruin in their
lives. The 'modernist' should, for God's sake, decide for himself as
to what really are the demands of time? Should it be that the
Islamic world should march on the footsteps of the West and fall
into the same abyss of moral degradation? Or should the Islamic
world take lesson from the dreadful end of the West and save itself
from this dangerous path forever?
The group of people who consider these curses of Western
civilization as demands of time and means of progress call
themselves as "Modernists" but it is strange that in the field of
thoughts and deeds they are preaching the same outdated
ideologies of the West which have not given anything but burnt
scars all over the body. They know very well how rapidly the
Western style of thinking is changing about their old views, and
what the latest studies of philosophy and science are proving about
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these subjects? Take for example the problem of population. A
very substantial number of modern economists are against limiting
the family size and birth control. Having been impressed by their
latest arguments such economists are constantly increasing in
number, but our "Modernists" are still embracing Malthus'
outdated theory that has been thrown away by the march of time
some two centuries ago. I do wish to quote here the views of
Philosopher-Poet, Iqbal, who said:
"Power of the West is not due to flutes and guitars, nor due to
dances of veil less girls, nor due to the spell of their magical
beauty, nor to their naked legs, nor to their trimmed hair styles.
Their supremacy is not due to secularism, nor is their progress due
to Latin script. Their power is due to science and technology. It is
this fuel that is burning in their lamps. Wisdom does not lie in how
your clothes are tailored, and the turban is no obstruction for
science and technology".
The above is sufficient to show the nature of these accusations of
our "Modernists" against the religious scholars of opposing the
demands of time and Science and Technology? The question arises
as to why the "Modernists" are so forcefully propagating this
extremely unreasonable claim? As far as we can trace there is
probably a psychological factor in action, if we rule out any
specific motives behind it the fundamental error which misled
these modernists is that they consider Islam analogous to
Christianity and the Islamic world to the West. They had observed
that at the time of revival of science and technology in the West the
biggest obstacle was Christianity along with its scholars. As long
as the supremacy of church prevailed in the West the whole region
was filled with ignorance and illiteracy. The Christian scholars
tried to suppress every such attempt that was made to create
scientific awareness among the people. People like John Hiss and
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Jerome were burnt alive in the city of Constance. The renowned
scientist Galileo had to suffer calamities because he wanted to open
new avenues in the field of science. But gradually the awareness
spread and several movements came out. These tortures could not
stop them, and ultimately Martin Luther, John Calone and Zongli
put up a struggle that defeated Papalism and these movements got
their chance to flourish. Lately Russo, Horonic and Reman with
other modernists made further changes and innovations in the
religion and brought it in conformity to the scientific researches of
that time. The situation now is that Luther, Calone, Ruso and
Horonic etc. have been titled as Reformers by the religious minded
people of the West. They are regarded as national heroes and
people of the new generation, who have not yet become totally
alien to religion, regard them with a sense of honor and dignity that
by making fundamental changes in Christianity they freed the
nation from the grip of Papalism which was the greatest obstacle in
the way of their material progress.
Now, the modernists of Islam want to make similar amendments by
considering Islam equal to Christianity and scholars of Islam
parallel to popes and regard themselves as Luthers and Rusos of
their time. In this way they want to become the Reformers of the
Muslim nation by opposing and defaming the religious scholars.
They aspire that some Henry VIII will soon appear and he will
grace them by accepting their ideology and then officially
implementing it for ever. Thus the coming generations will regard
them in such high esteem as is the case of hero-worship with
Luther and Ruso etc.
We may remark here that they are in great delusion and their dream
is never going to come true. They are badly mistaken in
considering Islam similar to Christianity and scholars of Islam to
popes. The unnatural views of Christian religion which became
common after the third century did not have adequate power to
keep pace with
time for all future days to come, and stand face to face with the
latest scientific advancements. That was an era of dark ignorance
and superstitions which could not stay in the light of knowledge.
Hence science came as a great challenge and they were left with no
other option than either to oppose science openly or by cutting and
dipping their religion to bring it in conformity with the scientific
knowledge. The popes initially adopted the first course and
declared science as the forbidden tree. But Science was the real
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need of that time and they could not stop its progress merely by a
hollow claim and baseless charges against it. The result was that all
their efforts failed to stop scientific advancement.
At this stage the modernists adopted the second course and started
manipulating the religion and distorting its teachings so that people
may not mock and laugh at it. This was indeed a service to
Christianity, and if they had not done this favor Christianity would
have been swept away by the torrent of Rationalism and no trace of
it could be found today. The workmanship of Christian modernists
helped the Christian religion to survive although its fundamental
concepts were totally changed. At least its name and external
structure still exists. It is this favor of the modernists to Christianity
that made them heroes of their nation and due to this the major part
of the Christian world holds them in high esteem.
But the case of Islam is totally different. It is a natural religion and
it has come to exist till the Last Day. By virtue of its old and real
interpretations it has the capability of marching forward with the
researches of every era. Hence science has never been a danger to
it nor will it ever be. Rather, we have observed that the latest
inventions and researches of science generally make its beliefs and
teachings more transparent. Hence it has no need to oppose science
and its progress nor to change its own concepts. That is why unlike
the popes the religious scholars of Islam never opposed science,
because they know the realities exposed by Islam will become
more and more transparent with the advancement of science. Since
the Muslim Ummah believes that Islam is the religion revealed by
Allah it does not have to change at any time, and that is why this
nation has always condemned and disregarded any attempts
towards making any changes in its teachings.
To sum up, Islam is neither a spiritless religion like Christianity to
have any fear or danger from scientific and technological
advancement, nor its religious scholars
(Ulema) have ever opposed science and technology as the Popes
had done, neither does it need any Martin Luther, Russo or Renan
for its survival. That is why, in the history of this religion, all those
who tried to amend, manipulate or modernize it, got nothing but
reproach and condemnation. In the history of this religion, the
advocates of modernism have not been called Luther and Kalone,
but the modernists of our history are remembered by the names of
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Musailmah, Abdullah bin Saba, Abu Musa Mazdar, Hasan bin
Sabbah, Qaramat, Abul Fazl, Faizi and Kamal Ata-Turk. Even their
children would feel ashamed of their lineage with these names. The
opponents of Luther and Kalone are mentioned with great
disregard by the Christians. But the opponents of modernism in
Islam, namely Abu Bakr Sidiq (RA), Ali bin Abi Talib (RA),
Ahmad bin Hambal (RhA), Mahmoud Ghaznawi (RhA) and
Mujaddid Alf Thani (RhA) are still living with their names, and as
long as the human conscience is alive the names of these sacred
personalities will continue to be taken with love and allegiance. It
is a pity that our present day modernists have not been able to
understand the great diversity between Islam and Christianity, and
as a result of this grave misunderstanding they have been busy in
abusing the scholars of Islam, calling them obscurantist, accusing
them of ignorance for no reason. We earnestly request them with
all the well-wishes and heart-felt sympathies that they revise their
attitude with a cool mind and balanced thoughts, otherwise the
course adopted by them is in no way beneficial for Muslims, for
the country and the Ummah and even for themselves.
I hope and pray that my humble submissions leave a useful
impression on them.
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CHAPTER 4
RESEARCH OR DISTORTION?
This article was originally addressed to "Institute of Islamic
Research" which was headed by Dr. Fazlur Rahman at that time,
but applies to all modernists of our time.
Indeed numerous judicial problems have been created in our time,
and in order to solve them it is essential that scholars of Islamic
jurisprudence and those having insight in these matters make
collective efforts through regular discussions, debates and research.
There are many such problems facing the Muslim world which
require that the scholars of Islam and experts of modem science
hold joint discussions to solve them in the light of established
principles of Islam. The importance and necessity of this splendid
job is being felt in various circles of Islamic scholars and some
efforts are also being made at some places but due to lack of
resources these efforts have so far not materialized into an
organized collective forum.
The present government has formed an institute for this purpose
after it came into power. Section 107 of our Constitution describes
the purpose of such a body that through it research on various
religious problems be carried out on the one hand, and on the other
hand the society may be reformed on "True Islamic fundamental
values". The president of Pakistan, Field Marshal Muhammad
Ayub Khan, has written in his autobiography that he had
constituted an Advisory Council of Islamic Ideology and an
Islamic Research Institute to advise the Government on our
legislative problems, after studying them in the light of religion. He
stated that this would help the legislators in bringing our laws in
harmony with the spirit of Islam. But for the practicability of these
laws, "a thorough survey of the requirements of the society is
needed." (Friends Not Masters, page 106). Nobody can deny the
importance and commendability of purpose described here. In fact,
this reflected the wishes of scholars of Islam and every one having
an Islamic mind. Without such a move it is impossible to change
and mould the worn out system of the country's judiciary into
Islamic laws.
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But any institution, no matter how sincere be the intentions behind
it and how useful be the purposes of its establishment, can not give
beneficial results unless its system of operation is right and its
authorities are competent to deal with its problems without bias
and prejudice. They must have a reasonable working plan in their
minds and the way to achieve them must be just and straight.
Unless these conditions are fulfilled no institution can be expected
to be successful.
This is why the "Institute of Islamic Research" has not been able to
justify its establishment so far. Several years have passed since this
institution was formed but so far it has not only been unable to do
some useful work but in fact an atmosphere of discord and
dissension has been created in the country. So far it has created
problems rather than solving them, evolved difficulties for our
social structure rather than removing them, given air to the glowing
fire rather than extinguishing it. That is why the institution which
should have been the centre of wishes and ambitions of the nation,
could not gain the confidence of the people. Living in the world of
vain imaginations is living in a fools paradise. Try to penetrate the
feelings of more than a hundred million population of Pakistan and
your conscience will tell you that they do not consider this
institution as their own. The so-called achievements of this
Institute pinches in their hearts like thorny bushes, and their lack of
confidence is so extreme that even a rightful statement from this
institution is looked with doubt and suspicion.
In these lines we would like to discuss the reasons which have
turned an extremely useful institution into an extremely harmful
and unsuccessful one, and due to which a very unhealthy
atmosphere of disruption, disputes and disturbances has been
created.
This is not a matter of obstinacy or anybody's personal prejudice
rather it concerns a problem on which depends the survival of
Islamic thought and Islamic way of life, if it is not solved with
solemnity and balanced thinking, this nation will never be able to
achieve the goal that led to the creation of Pakistan. Hence the
exigency of time demands that all concerned should think and
ponder over this problem with a cool temperament disregarding
sentimental pressures.
In our view the main cause of failure of this institution is that the
people in authority could not differentiate between "Research" and
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"Distortion". They have taken the two words as analogous and thus
found superfluous solutions to the problems not conforming to the
ideology of Islam at all.
It was obligatory for the Islamic researchers of our time to acquire
and explore the guidelines of Islam provided regarding the
problems being faced by Mankind in the twentieth century. How
can it be put into practice? How the practical difficulties in this
way can be removed? It was their duty to have surveyed the
Western civilization with a view of research and criticism rather
than counterfeiting them. They should have discarded the things
that clashed with the laws of Islam, and should have suggested
alternate ways which conformed to Islamic laws and at the same
time fulfilled the legitimate needs of time.
But the line of action of researchers of the Institute of Islamic
Research is quite in contradiction to this. On the one hand they pre-
supposed that the thirteen hundred years old laws of Islam have
now become worn out and outdated, and it is not possible to
implement and comply with them unless some fundamental
changes are made in them (They call these changes as "New
interpretations"). And on the other hand it has rooted deep into
their minds that ideological and practical expositions of Western
civilization are all blessings and benedictions, and unless Muslims
accept them in Toto their survival in the present time is impossible.
The entire intellectual structure of Modernism has been constructed
on the above two hypotheses. As a result, the style of their working
had been that any ideology or style of working from the West is
first taken as granted to be cent per cent right and there is no way
out for us in the present time than to accept it and adopt it. Their
'Research' is then wholly directed towards proving it to be in
conformity with Islam, by reshaping and distorting Islamic
teachings and even by changing the established commandments of
Islam. They do not hesitate in denying the prophetic traditions, or
write down a new dictionary to give new meanings to the verses of
the Qur'an.
This is the very style for which the word "Distortion" should be
used in place of "Research". Our submission is that, if you believe
that Islam is the natural religion, if you have faith that its principles
and injunctions are not the product of any human brain but that of
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the All-knower Allah who is fully aware of all the needs of
Mankind for all times to come, if you are confident that the Islam
proclaimed by Muhammad (PBUH) contains satisfactory solutions
to all the problems and difficulties that may arise till the Last Day,
then you must admit that the solution to the problems of twentieth
century also lies in the same principles which were brought by the
Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) 1400 years ago. This is,
however, subject to the condition that you sincerely try to get rid of
the inferiority complex which has made the West as the standard of
righteousness in your eyes. Once you get the courage to lift up the
veil of deception of the West from your mind you will have the
chance to understand the problems with full confidence. It is then
that you will discover new ways of survival in the present time
fulfilling all the needs and demands of time on the one hand and
save you from the unholy ways of the West. If you follow this
course you will be able to acquire the wealth of peace and
tranquility that has never been imagined by the West.
We may be excused if you find our tone unmannerly but if you
have any claim to realism, be realistic in analyzing your approach.
While seeking the solution to your problems you have the fear of
being called conservative or superstitious or uncivilized by the
West. This complex does not allow you to give a serious thought to
the true Islamic virtues. You are always anxious to give Islamic
sanction to all those things that have a label of liberalism on them.
May be that this line of action brings you some good name in the
Western circles, but this is never going to solve your problems nor
will it give you the status of a living and free nation. It is not
sensible.
We may seem to exaggerate about your mode of action but an
honest and realistic self-analysis will testify to the truth of our
claim.
You have observed that the West has based its entire banking
system on "Interest". This is the system which is regarded as one of
the prominent virtues of modern civilization. So, you started
investing all your energy to make the interest permissible in trading
system. You never bothered to ask yourself if the interest was
really inevitable for the Banking system and why cannot this be run
on the Principles of 'Mudaribah provided by Islam and why the
Islamic Principle of 'Mudaribah' cannot be adopted in Banking? At
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the cost of the opposition of the Muslim Ummah you have
compound interests but you never cared to find out the principles
of interest-free banking which assures us more equitable
distribution of wealth.
The "Insurance" is regarded as a symbol of civilization in the
West. You accepted it as it was and tried to give it Islamic sanction
by making fabricated interpretations in the Qur'an and Sunnah. But
you never knew that there was an easier and fairer way of making
some minor changes in the prevailing insurance system and thus
bring them in conformity with the established principles of Islam,
making it a more useful institution.
The Western countries have recently launched great campaigns to
preach "Family Planning". You also followed them in propagating
it. For this purpose you consumed your energies to misinterpret the
laws of Islam in favor of family planning. But you never thought
how China is surviving with its 700,000,000 population?
According to Chu-en-lai every new child brings a message of
prosperity. In the hue and cry of the Western world you looked at
one mouth of a newly born child and felt uneasy to think from
where to feed it? But you did not see the two hands of the child to
work. The small country like Israel realized the importance of
population and has been using all the means of increasing its
population. The Westerner had said that population rise is
dangerous for developing countries. You accepted this "sincere
advice" and imposed birth control as a law, but you failed to see
how Vietnam had humbled the big power like America and why
the Western countries are scared of China? Americans had declared
that in the East they would give financial aid only to those
countries who would adopt the birth control. You took it as a
sympathetic gesture from them but you did not try to argue why
Israel gets the lion's share in aid inspite of being against birth
control?
You heard that polygamy is considered to be a crime in Western
countries. In order to free yourself from this blame you made the
excuse that Islam had allowed it only in some emergency
conditions and now it is no more permissible. For this purpose you
left no stone unturned in pulling and dragging the meanings of the
verses of Holy Qur'an. But did you ever try to investigate why the
Westerners never feel the need of more than one wife? Thanks to
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Modern Civilization and the open practice of un-registered
polygamy in every hotel, every night club and every park, there is
no need of getting oneself involved in regular family life. The
Westerners had publicized that polygamists are cruel to their
wives. You started pleading that the fundamental conception of
Islam is to stop such a tyranny and hence polygamy is forbidden in
Islam. But you shut your eyes from the naked reality that there are
innumerable people who are extremely cruel to their single wife. In
fact the number of such people is greater. Hence this argument
requires that single marriage also should be banned.
You observed that the Westerners consider Hijab (woman's veil) as
a vice, so you started fabricating the established injunctions of
Islam. But you never cared to think that by unveiling their women
what disaster the West has brought, to their homes? Did you ever
care to know, what is the cause of unabated grief of the serious
thinkers of the West on this issue?
You came to know that co-education is practiced in Western
countries. You started advocating for it as an insignia of
civilization, but never bothered to think of the reasons behind the
dreadful scene of American culture presented by Kinsey Reports
before the world? Did you ever think who is responsible for the
ever increasing unlawful sexual relations in the young generation?
What is the cause of the ever decreasing standard of education?
You have read that many of the Westerners deny miracles and hold
them as superstition. Very obediently you also followed the
example and tried to reject the miracles described by the Qur'an in
detail. As a result of this you converted the entire Qur'an into a
poetic and metaphorical book. But you never thought that those
who had initially denied the miracles had also called the existence
of God as the worst form of superstition. They had even mocked at
Prophethood and Divine Revelations.
Further, you never paid any attention to the fact how rapidly the
most recent researches of scientific knowledge are making miracles
more acceptable to human intellect.
Keeping all these facts in view, for God's sake, please tell us if
there is any exaggeration in our assessment that you pay no heed to
finding an Islamic and intellectual solution to these problems. On
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the contrary you are always looking for the Western ideologies.
Whatever you receive from them as permissible you spend all your
energy to prove it in conformity with Islam, with no concern to
what damage you are causing to the Qur'an and Sunnah. When you
notice any signs of dislike for something on the faces of
Westerners you exhaust all your powers to declare it unlawful and
prohibited in Islam even at the cost of giving away explicit
injunctions of the Qur'an and Sunnah.
Further, it is noteworthy that so far you have taken into
consideration only those problems which have been raised by the
Westerners. You paid no heed to the multitude of genuine
problems of our own society, and no attempt was made to solve
these problems. A clear example of this is: You promptly noticed
the injustice which the polygamist do to their wives even though
such incidences are rare in our society, while the brutalities done
by the monogamists are so common that hardly any family is
devoid of it. You will find innumerable women who do not have
co-wives yet they are leading a miserable life due to inequity of
their husbands. The plight of such women does not stir your heart;
you feel no sympathy for their helplessness and make no attempt to
free them from the cruel grip of their cruel husbands?
Your pen did not move for a single word against the evil customs
of our society with reference to marriages, dowry, Mehr, living
allowances, housing and inter family relations. You made no move
against the defective, time- consuming and out-dated judiciary
system, which has deprived the society of justice. In matrimonial
matters you could see only one thing, that is, polygamy which is
practiced hardly by 10% of people, and you consumed all your
efforts in proving it as unlawful The reason of your serious concern
against polygamy is that it was initiated from the West and hence it
sounded most important to you, while other problems being local,
could not achieve your serious consideration.
Moreover, the problems that came to your attention, you tried to
solve them by a strange method. Inspite of investigating into the
real causes of the problems you just took the easy way of finding
temporary and easygoing solutions.
Due to ignorance from the teachings of Islam the common people
have developed a practice of throwing three divorces to their wives
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on trivial matters. This practice is absolutely wrong and
impermissible which is usually the cause of social disorder. It was
essential that a wide publicity was made to educate people on
gravity of this sin and its evil consequences. It was further
necessary to decide if any legal punishment for such a sin can be
imposed or not? Surprisingly, you brought out the solution to this
problem that makes a mockery of the entire judicial system of
Islam. Your solution was that "three" should be counted as one,
thus giving free license to men to give as many divorces as they
could without being acknowledged as three. Is it not like a person
being beaten by another, when the oppressed man calls you for
help you tell him "Keep taking the punishment, we shall never
accept that you had been beaten". Is this the way of freeing the
oppressed from oppression?
You observed that sometimes an orphan grandson is left
unprotected after the death of his paternal grandfather. Your
solution to the problem is to cut a portion of legacy of his paternal
uncles and give it to him. But you failed to conceive that if it be set
into practice how would you solve the problem of orphan
nephews? Why should they be deprived of a share in the heritage
of their uncles? You also ignored the basic moral obligation that
you cannot remove the distress of one person in the Robin Hood
fashion. For removing the distress of such helpless persons Islamic
Law provides adequate relief. These methods are explained in
"Kitab-un-Nafqat", "Kitab-ul-Wasiyyah" and "Kitab-uz-Zakah". If
the rules laid down in them are implemented properly they would
be of great help to the distressed.
The above observations if given due consideration, with no
prejudices in mind, provide one with the conclusion that the
Institute of Islamic Research and its co-workers are basically
wrong in their very mode of thinking. As a result of it they have
not only been unable to do any service to the country and the
nation but in fact created disruption, uneasiness, confusion and
anxiety throughout the country. How we wish that the authorities
of this extremely important institute give serious, sincere and
selfless thought as to how harmful and dangerous for national unity
is the way adopted by them?
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We have not made these submissions for supporting any group, but
it is a sincere and devoted effort to incite them on giving a serious
and sincere consideration to our deliberations.
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CHAPTER 5
NEW INTERPRETATION OF ISLAM
In the previous article we had exposed one aspect of the
modernistic school of thought that they have made the Western
way of thinking and living a criterion of right and wrong. In this
article we are making some further submissions about the way of
thinking and the method of argumentation of the modernists which
are of fundamental importance to the subject under discussion. We
intend to point out the reasons why all the efforts of our modern
researchers have led them to the path of distortion in the name of
"research".
Even a man with ordinary common sense knows that "Research"
means "Search for Reality" and a researcher holds the position of a
judge. It is his obligation that without forming any preconceived
ideas and pre-drawn conclusions he should examine all the relevant
matters thoroughly and impartially, consider all possible aspects of
the problem with utmost honesty and add the weight of his
judgment to the right side of the argument. On the contrary, if any
one seeks and searches the arguments to support a preconceived
idea or judgment he is certainly not the seeker of truth, nor do his
efforts in this direction deserve to be called 'research work'.
The duty of a research worker is not to collect arguments for a
predetermined idea but to determine an idea in the light of
arguments. He does not drag the arguments towards his judgment
but the arguments drive him towards a judgment. But the process
of working of our modernists is quite opposite. They believe that
arguments are to serve a decision rather than the decision being
dependent on arguments. This is what they think is the correct
method of research and this what they teach as a methodology of
research. They commonly make suggestions in their oral and
written statements that:
"We want to interpret the Qur'an and the Sunnah in a manner that
it conforms to the needs of our time".
It is a clear admission to the fact that they want to bring the Qur'an
and Sunnah to reconcile with their decisions and not make their
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decisions to correspond with the Qur'an and the Sunnah. That is
they will first decide as to what are the needs of time and then to
try and find these arguments they will make such interpretations of
the Qur'anic verses and prophetic traditions as to conform to their
predetermined needs of the Time. This is what is termed as the
"distortion of meaning". This way of argumentation can never be
supported by any sensible person of the world. If the process of
research is allowed to move in reverse direction then there will be
no way left to protect the integrity of the truth. This is because in
this way every illogical claim can be supported by argument.
Nothing in the world would then be devoid of argument, and as
they say: "Everything can be proved by everything". Once it is
decided that a certain thing is to be proved through the Qur'an and
Sunnah, and for this purpose you have decided to give new
interpretation to the Qur'an and Sunnah, it would obviously mean
that anything found supporting this idea would be presented as an
argument no matter how weak and baseless it be and even the
strongest argument against it would be thrown away being
incompatible with present day life.
You probably know that the Christian missionaries, while
preaching their religion in the Muslim world, always prove their
beliefs through the Qur'an and Traditions before common
Muslims. For example, they say that the Qur'an has called Jesus, as
"Kalimatullah" (The word of Allah) which implies that he was
Allah's attribute of "Kal'am" (Speech) and the Bible of John also
says the same. Also, the Qur'an said that Jesus was "R'uhullah"
(The spirit of God) which implies that his relation with God was
the same as that of Soul with body, and the same is said by Paul.
They further say that the Qur'an said: "We supported Jesus with
the holy spirit" and the same has been mentioned in the Bible that
the Holy Ghost was sent to Jesus in the form of a pigeon.
In this way they prove their concept of Trinity, and the tragedy is
that they prove it through the Qur'an by virtue of its "new
interpretation". As for the verses of the Qur'an which explicitly
condemn the concept of Trinity, their "new interpretation" is that
these verses condemn Trinity in the literal and real sense of the
word, and even the Christians accept that there is only one God,
and these three are only the components of one and not separate
gods. Also according to their "new Interpretation" of Qur'an and
its proclamation "Those who say Jesus son of Mary is god are
Kafirs (unbelievers)" in fact meant to contradict the sect of
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monophacy. Where Qur'an has warned the Christians against the
torment of Hell their "new Interpretation" is that this does not refer
to Catholics but is meant for monophasics. The Qur'an says that
Jesus was not crucified. The "new Interpretation is that, Christians
in general also believe that the third person of Trinity was not
crucified and the Qur'an does not contradict the crucifixion of his
body."
It can be seen how the magic of "new Interpretation" proved all
Christians' beliefs to be in conformity with Islam. The question
arises "What is the difference between your new Interpretation and
that of the Christians?" If you have a right to make "new
Interpretation" of the Quran and Sunnah in order to amend the
established laws of Islam why the Christians should not have the
same right? Under what rule or regulation can you reject the
Christians' "new Interpretation"?
One may argue that our comparison of "new Interpretation" of
modernists with the "new Interpretation" of Christians is
exaggerated, but that is not true. The readers may go through their
articles on the subject and the truth of our statement will become
quite apparent.
We come across numerous interesting "new Interpretations" in the
book named "Islam" written by the Director of Islamic Research,
Dr. Fazlur Rehman. According to him only three daily Salah were
originally made obligatory, and two more were added in the last
years of the Prophet's life. Hence their number has the possibility
of accepting changes.
"Anyhow, the fact that basically there were three daily Salah is
also supported by the incidence that there is one narration
according to which Prophet (PBUH) has converted the four Salah
into two". Anyway it happened in the post-prophetic era that the
number of Salah without any alternative choice, was strictly fixed
as five. In this way the fact that the number was basically three got
swept away in the flood of traditions reported in support of the
number of five". (Monthly "Fikr-o-Nazar, vol: 5, p. 259)
This is the "new Interpretation". According to this, on one side "the
flood of authentic prophetic traditions" which described the
number of Salah as five from the very beginning of Islam is false
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and self-invented; on the other side the single narration describing
the incidence of "combining the two Salah" has been considered by
them as most reliable. Then again the term "combining two Salah"
has been taken to mean that the Prophet had converted four into
two. This is the most interesting example of the expertise in the
"new Interpretation". If you have read this narration you will
definitely enjoy the fallacies of thought.' This is the way of
argument about which somebody has said," You can prove
everything by everything."
This is just one example that we have presented. If you go through
the exegeses of these modernists you will come across many
"master pieces" of their "new Interpretations"; Wahy (Divine
revelations) is interpreted as the Prophet's own words; Angels
mean water, electricity etc.; Iblis (Satan) as the fantasy; Jinns as the
savage tribes; mankind as the civilized people; Death is
unconsciousness, disgrace or disbelief; life means honor and
dignity, state of consciousness or embracing Islam etc.
If you keep the above exegetic points in view you will know that
we have not exaggerated at all. Anyway, this was just a
parenthesis. We wanted to impress that if we adopt the style of
making arguments dependent on preconceived thoughts even
Christianity can be proved from the Qur'an itself, and so can be
Judaism, Socialism and Capitalism. Adopting the same style Dr.
Pervaiz has proved Darwin's theory of evolution in his book "Iblis
aur 'Adam" from the Qur'an. Also he has derived an economic
system of socialist style from the Qur'anic phrase (Establish your
prayers of worship). It is the same style of interpretations by which
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadyani had pleaded that by Damishk
(Damascus) the Prophet had meant Qadiy'an, the Mirza's
headquarters.
Thus we see that the system of modernists is that they first fix
some ideas themselves, label them as the exigencies of time and
then impose the Qur'an and Hadith through their "new
Interpretation" on them. This is the very first brick the angulations
of which has resulted in the crookedness of the entire structure of
their views and thoughts, and this is the fundamental reason why
their thoughts have entered the limits of 'distortion' overthrowing
all principles, rules and regulations of research and knowledge.
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There are some rules and regulations for research in every art and
science. You cannot reach the correct conclusion unless you follow
them. In the present jurisprudence also "Interpretation of statutes"
is a compulsory subject. It has definite rules and regulations and
unless they are given due consideration no interpretation by any
legal expert can be acceptable.
In the same manner, rather more reasonable and well organized,
are the detailed rules and regulations for "Interpretation of Qur'an
and Sunnah and Islamic law" that have been compiled after
thorough research, devoted attention and minute observations.
Hundreds of books are available on the subject and each rule has
been thoroughly screened. Unless the Qur'an and Hadith are
interpreted within the framework of these rules and regulations no
reasonable person can accept them, exactly as such explanations of
present commentators cannot be accepted that do not conform to
the principles of "Interpretation of statutes".
But our modernists do not bind themselves to any such rules in
their interpretations and commentaries due to their stamped way of
thinking. Thus they frequently defy the established rules of
interpretation of the Qur'an and Sunnah. For example, the
established rule of Islamic Jurisprudence is that proverbial or
allegoric meaning of any word or phrase of the Qur'an or Hadith
would be adopted only when literal meaning is either impossible or
have become obsolete in common use. This is perfectly a
reasonable rule which can not be challenged through any
intellectual argument, without it no definite conclusion can ever be
derived from anything said by anybody. But this rule is profusely
ignored by the modernists in their writings. Wherever they find a
word in the Qur'an and Hadith, clashing with their concepts, they
unhesitatingly give it an allegoric and sometimes purely
imaginative interpretation. "Son" has been interpreted as
"grandson"; staff turned into "argument"; death as a state of "coma
or disgrace", "Satan" as "fantasy or illusion "so much so that
"Allah and Messenger" have been termed as "centre of the
Ummah". These are just a few examples. If these absurdities are all
compiled together a voluminous book can be prepared.
It can be said by the modernists that they do not agree with the
rules and regulations fixed by the Islamic jurists and that is why
they do not follow them. In that case they should have pointed out
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those rules and given some alternate principles better than the rules
of the jurists. Then they should have used their formulated rules in
their writings.
But we find that their interpretations are not supported by any
principle at all. At one occasion they break a rule and oppose it, but
at another occasion they derive their argument for their new
interpretation. They reject any tradition that appears to contradict
their views, no matter how authentic a chain of reporters it has, but
where a tradition appears to support their views, they ignore the
clear verses of the Holy Qur'an on the basis of a tradition which is
weak and without support of authentic narrators. A recent example
is the statement of Dr. Fazlur Rehman in which he has said that the
meat of an animal is lawful and permissible to eat even if it is
slaughtered without the name of Allah pronounced on it, while the
explicit injunction of Qur'an is this:
(And eat not that (flesh) over which Allah's name has not been
pronounced.)
But since this was against the views of Dr. Fazlur Rehman, he
based his arguments on a narration of Hadhrat Aishah and on a
saying of Imam Shafi which is perhaps the weakest argument of all
his juristic inferences (as has been admitted by the scholars of
Shafi school of thought), while his own view about the application
of a tradition is as follows:
"If a tradition tells anything that is not in conformity with the
apparent Qur'anic injunction I would attribute it to the specific
historical era rather than to the Prophet himself". (Monthly "Fikr-
o-Nazar, p. 5 15, vol.2)
Apart from the fact that his inference from Hadhrat Aishah' s
narration is highly misleading, Dr. Fazlur Rehman should not seek
argument from this according to his own principle cited above. On
what ground has he attributed this tradition to the Holy Prophet
(PBUH)?
A far as Imam Shafi is concerned, the Doctor has commented
about him as under:
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"The enlightened views and quick understanding of Imam Sh'afi
did create a mechanic system which undoubtedly led to
stabilization of social and religious structure of our mediaeval era,
but due to it we have been deprived of modern thinking and
creative intellect. (Monthly "Fikr-o-Nazar", p. 30, vol.1)
If Imam Sh'afi had committed such a fundamental error how can
you quote him as authority on the validity of a religious precept?
Does it not become apparent from the above examples that Dr.
Fazlur Rehman and his coworkers have no set criterion for
res'earch in their mind. Not only that they have not taken into
consideration any of the established rules of Jurisprudence, they do
not even follow the rules framed by themselves?
There can be no other reason for this betrayal of their own
principles that first they form their own views and then seek
arguments to support them. Obviously this method cannot go along
with rules and regulations, because with every new idea they have
to frame new regulations. If they are requested in the name of God
to let alone the "knowledge: and research" and refrain from making
the Quran and Sunnah a plaything as was done by the Jews and.
Christians in case of Torah and Injil, such persons are instantly
labeled as "Obscurantists' and "Ignorant of the exigencies of time".
Their judgment about them is that they are blind, to the new
environment and have no knowledge of the modern demands.
'(Monthly "Fikr-o-' Nazar", p.731, vol.2)
We are conscious that in response to our sincere submissions, we
shall also be rewarded with such titles but we are writing and will
continue to write the truth hoping that there may be a heart in
search of truth that may accept it. Maybe our suggestions can
awaken a sleeping conscience.
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CHAPTER 6
SCHOLARS OF ISLAM AND PAPACY
Who should be competent to interpret and explain the Quran and
Sunnah (Prophetic traditions) and to deduce various injunctions for
problems arising in new circumstances? What are the conditions
and requirements necessary for this job? We find the answers to
these questions in an authentic Tradition reported by Hadhrat Ali in
which he said:
I said, "O messenger of Allah! If we are confronted with a problem
which has not been described in the Qur'an and Prophetic
traditions, with no injunctions in favor or against it, what am I to
do in such a situation?" He said: "Take advice of the jurists and
faithful worshippers and do not employ your individual opinion".
The Holy Prophet (PBUH) has explicitly stated in this narration
that two conditions must be fulfilled by a person who wants to
deduce laws and injunctions from the Qur'an and Prophetic
traditions. Firstly; he must be a jurist and secondly, he must be a
devotee to worship. The importance of the first condition is
obvious because objectives of the Qur'an and traditions can be well
conceived only by those who possess vast and deep knowledge,
who are fully aware of the rules laid down by the earlier jurists and
who have spent their lives in understanding the intentions of divine
laws. Similarly, the Prophet has made it a condition for him to be a
devotee and faithful, that is, he must have devoted himself to the
practices of these laws. Anyone who can not make distinction
between permissible and forbidden in practical life and whose
every day practices are in contrast of these laws can not
comprehend the intentions of Islam. Deduction of the laws is, in
fact, the "Search for the Truth", and the Qur'an states that Allah
bestows the faculty of cognizance of the truth to the one who
confides in it in his practical life. It is said:
(If you fear Allah He will give you the power of discrimination
between truth and falsehood). (8:29)
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This verse has clearly stated that "Fear of Allah" is the primary
condition for a sense of discrimination between right and wrong. It
is quite obvious from the above verse of the Qur'an and the
Prophetic tradition that a religious and juristic solution can best be
found by a person who is a "jurist" and a "devotee" (or "Muttaqi",
that is, the one who abstains from evil for fear of Allah).
Lately Mufti Muhammad Shafi, Grand Mufti of Pakistan and
President, Darul-Ulum, Karachi had summarized the same thing in
the following words:
"The method of solving the problems not mentioned in the Book
and the traditions is the joint consultation of jurists and devoted
scholars of Islam. Imposing the personal and individual opinion on
the Muslims is forbidden."
But for reasons unknown our modernists are allergic to this way of
thinking. The traditional knowledge of the Qur'an and the Sunnah
is not considered by them as an essential requirement for
interpretation of and deductions from the Qur'an and the Sunnah,
nor do they 'think it necessary that such a person should
necessarily' be fearful of Allah and a devoted worshipper. For
some time they have been making loud suggestion to this effect.
"There should be no monopoly of religious scholars" on the
interpretation of Quran and the Sunnah. No papacy should be
allowed in Islam. No particular group, therefore, can be given the
right of legislations. "The interpretation of the Qur'an and the
Tradition is the right of all Muslims and not of the religious
scholars alone" — "Religious scholars cannot be given the power
of veto in the affairs of Islam", etc., etc.
These are the suggestions that are expressed in almost all the
writings of the modernists. As far as the instructions of the Quran
and the Traditions are concerned we have already submitted that
the greatest emphasis has been laid down on the fundamental
requirement of knowledge and devotion for interpreting the
religion; but it seems proper here to discuss real frets, that are the
source of these misunderstandings.
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Their first suggestion is: "There is no Brahmanism or Papacy in
Islam; hence the religious scholars cannot be given the exclusive
rights of legislations".
Either they are totally ignorant of the real meaning of papacy and
theocracy and the ills in them, or they are deliberately deceiving
the simple people of the Ummah. Anyone having the slightest
sense of justice and the truth can understand that "knowledge" and
"fearfulness of Allah" (Taqwa) is not limited to any race, color,
caste or creed which one cannot achieve through his efforts and
resources. It is the name of 'Eligibility and Qualification" of a
specific objective which can be achieved by everyone at any time.
If setting some qualifications for certain responsibilities is papacy,
no section of life can be said to be devoid of it. The educational
standard and moral character needed for the presidentship and
ministership of a country would also be termed as "papacy". The
condition of being an expert on legal affairs for a judge would also
be another form of "papacy". The attainment of a law degree for
legal advisor or advocate should also be called papacy. The
condition of having relevant academic degrees for teaching in a
university, college or school should be removed. The limit of age,
intellect and normal character fixed for qualifying as a candidate in
elections, should all be cancelled as they are different forms of
"papacy". But it is not so. Then how can the condition of
"Knowledge" and "Taqwa", for interpreting the Qur'an and the
Tradition, be termed as papacy?
Anyone having a little knowledge of the term "Papacy" and
"Brahmanism" cannot overlook the differences between the
religious scholars of Islam and the Popes and Brahmans.
(l)"Pope" and "Brahmans" are practically the titles of a
specified class of color, caste and creed. Anyone outside
these jurisdictions cannot enter into their fold despite all
eligibilities and efforts. That is why we find dacoits and
robbers becoming "Popes" in the history of the Christian
church. Contrary to this, Religious scholar of Islam (Ulema)
is an attribute for which there is no restriction of caste and
creed. In the fourteen hundred years of the history of Islam
we find religious scholars in every color or creed, even the
slaves have emerged as great scholars of Islamic learning
and accepted as leaders of the Ummah. The cause of their
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dignified status had always remained their "Knowledge" and
"Taqwa" rather than their parental background.
(2) The religion of which the Pope is claimed to be a spokesman
is a religion which does not provide with guidance for the
most important aspects of life. That is why the word of Pope
has become the word of God, and no one else can defy this.
Thus he is no more an interpreter of law but a free and
independent law-maker. Contrary to this, the injunctions of
the Book (Qur'an) and the Sunnah (Prophetic traditions) are
universal and the rules and regulations for their
interpretation are prescribed and preserved in their original
form. Any scholar saying anything against these rules and
regulations will be rejected by other scholars on the ground
of these principles. A number of such scholars are always
present to check such misinterpretations.
(3) The process of law-making and interpretation of religion in
papacy ultimately ends on one man. He alone been regarded
as the "Shepherd of the sheep of Messiah" and the Deputy of
the founder of the church. Contrary to this, "Religious
scholar" of Islam is not the name of any person who is the
head of an organization, but anyone who has attained
religious knowledge on true lines is a Religious scholar and
an heir to the Holy Prophet. Hence no individual scholar has
right to impose his personal views and whims on the entire
Muslim Ummah.
In the presence of such an obvious difference between the roles of
the Pope and of the Islamic scholars any one applying the .term
Papacy to the services of the Ulema simply exhibits his loss of
knowledge and common intellect.
The second demand of the modernists, is that "there can be no
monopoly of the Ulema on the Book and Traditions. Therefore, the
right of their interpretation cannot be reserved for religious
scholars alone".
Those under the charm of this propaganda are tirelessly repeating
this slogan and do not stop for a while to think that thus they are
making themselves similar to a person who had never seen a
medical college but raises the objection as to why the treatment of
diseases has been served for qualified doctors only or like a fool
who criticizes by saying why the experts in law and jurisprudence -
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alone have the right of the interpretation of law and why not others
are allowed to do so?
No sensible or conscientious person can ever think on these lines.
However, if one has such an imbecile approach he should know
that, any one has the right to perform all these duties, but to gain
proficiency and eligibility for this you will have to spend years and
years of hard work and labor, seeking the guidance from experts
for practical experience, obtain degrees and diplomas and other
related experience, then, of course, you will be allowed to make
interpretations.
The most sensitive and delicate work of interpreting the Qur'an
and the Sunnah is said to require the same process how can it be
termed as a monopoly. Does it not require any one to get educated
for it? Why the Qur'an and the Sunnah alone are considered to be
as pitiable as to be treated by any individual at his own will? How
one can be given the right to interpret the Qur'an and the Sunnah
while he has not spent even a few months in acquiring the relevant
knowledge.
They express their anger against the religious scholars all day long
as to why they alone should deserve the right to interpret the
Qur'an and the Sunnah? But they never reflect on the amount of
pain and labor they have undergone to acquire this right? How in
the two hundred years of British rule in India they had remained
the target of the British atrocities and aggression? With all the
doors of livelihood closed on them by the British rule they
preferred to live on meager resources and devoted themselves to
acquire this knowledge against all odds. They are still doing it
despite the harassment from these modernists. How they their eyes
glowed in front of the dim light of oil lamps of clay? And how they
attempted to shape their lives in the mould of religion? If, after all
that, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) gives them the right to interpret the
Qur'an and his Sunnah, and the Muslims place their trust in them
why is this resented by them?
The eagerness of modernists for interpreting the Book and the
Traditions is certainly commendable; but for this they should also
undergo the physical and mental strain needed for it. They, too,
should spend some part of their life in trodding the roads to
knowledge of the Qur'an and learn the manners of living on that
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ground. If after that any one refuses to recognize them as
interpreter of the Qur'an and the Traditions, then their complaint
against the scholars would be justified.
Under the present circumstances their attitude is like what the poet
said:
Those who hold their life dear to them
Should not think of going to seek his beloved,
Your present state of mind has been well depicted by the poet of
the East, Allama Iqbal, in this poem:
The knowledge of others you gained is a mere collection as if you
have glowed your face with foreign cosmetics
You have given up your dignity so much that I cannot recognize
you as yourself.'
Your mind is chained by the thoughts of others and the succession
of breaths in your throat has a foreign source.
The tongue is yours but the speech is borrowed from others and so
are your wishes in your mind.
The canaries wish to sing their own songs; the cypresses wish to be
clad with their own foliage.
You borrow the wine from others in your goblet.
Even the cup you hold is not yours.
The Prophet is grieved, and the Creator asks Am I not there?" But
for you! Alas! Alas!
Under these circumstances how can the Muslim Ummah entrust
you with the responsibility of interpreting the Qur'an and Sunnah,
who, with all their shortcomings, have saved their ideological
entity as Muslims.
As for the claim that Dr. Fazlur Rehman has published in the
monthly "Fikr-o-Nazar" in these words:
"In Islam the Muslim Ummah as a whole had been doing
legislative work and it should still have the right to do so."
I wish they had further clarified what he meant by it. Does it mean
that every individual of the Ummah should be allowed to become a
legislator. Every illiterate and uncivilized person should be
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entrusted with legislation. Or, does it mean that the Ummah as a
whole enjoys the right to select some deserving, reliable and
knowledgeable person from among them to be entrusted with this
sacred job? In that case it will be a work of these selected people.
Obviously even the very staunch believer in democracy does not
take the term democracy to mean that every single individual can
interfere with each and every affair of the state. In fact, they hold
that every matter and problem is to be entrusted to the experts of
that field and those who lack knowledge in that trade have to place
their trust on these experts, and it is not termed as an infringement
of the rights of democracy.
After this analysis of the rights of people one can easily conclude
who, out of one hundred and twenty million people of Pakistan, are
worthy of trust in the matter of interpretation and exegesis of the
Qur'an and the Traditions?
When any one of them really wants to understand the Qur'anic
injunction or prophetic tradition would he seek the help of the
Institute of Islamic Research or any other modernist institution or
to those "Obscurantist" scholars whom the modernists blame to
have robbed the people of their democratic right? If the multitude
of Muslims turn to these scholars without any compulsion, pressure
or legal restrictions, place their trust on them and their conscience
get satisfied with it where does the democratic right of people get
hurt. Who have injured the beliefs of the Muslim Ummah with
their interpolation, the Ulema or these modernists is known to all.
Their last and biggest objection is on the condition of "Taqwa"
(Fear of Allah, Piety, and Abstinence from evil- doings).
According to them "Taqwa" like "knowledge" is not essential for
interpreting the Qur'an. We do not understand what apprehension
they have against it. According to them the complication in this
regard is:
"The condition of "Taqwa" is a condition that, every scholar can
reject the judgement of another scholar, because everyone has his
own standard for Taqwa". (Fikr-o-Nazar Nov. 67, p. 326)
We may be allowed to say that ignore for a while your individual
apprehension and there will be no complication in this matter. The
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same 'Multitude' (Jamhur) whom they want to give the status of
legislators is equally entitled to decide which of the scholar fulfils
this condition of taqwa? Collectively the conscience of multitude
of Muslims is never wrong. Their opinion is the will of Allah. Why
should there be any hesitation in entrusting the job of interpretation
of the Qur'an and traditions to a person whose Taqwa is accepted
by the multitude?
It should be thoroughly understood that 'Taqwa' is not an
ambiguous and unsettled term which can be given any meaning by
anyone according to his individual liking. In Islam "Taqwa" is a
legal Phrase and countless religious injunctions depend on it.
Whenever it is used in a legal sense it would mean "practising the
permissibles, abstaining from major sins and not insisting on minor
sins." In the phraseology of the Qur'an it is the opposite of "Fujur"
(Apparent Sins, Immorality). The Qur'an says:
"Then inspired it (with conscience of) its wickedness and its piety."
Hence anyone abstaining from "Fujur" is a man of Taqwa, and
therefore the people shall have no difficulty in deciding about the
piety and devotion (Taqwa) of a person. With this in view, one can
easily conceive that there can be no complexity or difficulty arising
from imposing the condition of knowledge and Taqwa for
interpretation, explication or exegesis of the Qur'an and Prophetic
tradition."
In the end we would again like to humbly request the modernists
that the use of Street slogans and propaganda weapons would
neither render any service to the country or the nation nor can any
problems be solved with them, nor would it leave any pleasant
effect on any serious mind. In the hue and cry of their slogans at
the most they can suppress the voice of truth for a short while. But
that can only affect the ears, but not the hearts. A stage does come
when the cries become hoarse and their throats get dry. It is then
that the dignified voice of truth overcomes with full force, directly
affects the hearts and stays permanently there.
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CHAPTER 7
SCIENCE AND ISLAM
"Is the present day research about the moon, the sun and the
planets in accordance with the Qur'an? There are some people who
claim that there is no inconformity between science and the Qur'an
and the Traditions, hence everything the science presents is correct,
while others say that the views of science clash with the Qur'an.
Kindly give your comprehensive view and opinion about it"
(Question by Abdul Hai, Faridpur, East Pakistan now Bangladesh)
Answer: An elaborate answer of this question requires a
comprehensive article. However, I am presenting certain things by
way of principles hoping that they will be helpful to remove your
doubt in this matter.
1. First of all it must be understood that the purpose of science
is to explore the fundamental forces which Allah has created
in this universe. If these forces are used for the welfare and
well being of mankind it is not only permissible but
desirable in Islam. Rather than raising obstacles in the way
of such attempts Islam encourages them. In this connection
Islam only demands that these forces should be used for
purposes that are permissible and useful in the eyes of Islam.
In other words, science aims at discovering the hidden forces
of universe but the correct use of these forces is told by
religion which provides proper direction and a better
atmosphere for such attempts. Science and technology can
be useful to mankind only if they are used on the principles
laid down by Islam. Nobody would deny the fact that
whereas science can be a means of welfare and material
progress to mankind, its wrong and misdirected use can be
disastrous for us. The example is before us. In recent years
science has provided mankind with the means of comfort
and ease, but at the same time its wrong use has converted
the whole world into the hell of turmoil and disturbance. It is
science that invented the high speed means of travel like the
jet planes but at the same time the science is responsible of
creating disastrous nuclear bombs, hence true benefits from
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it can be achieved only when it is used according to the
principles laid down by Allah.
The second thing to understand is that scientific discoveries
are of two kinds. Firstly those which pertain to human
observation. Such discoveries are never in opposition to the
Qur'an and the Traditions. In fact, they have helped to affirm
the Qur'an and traditions in many things which were
difficult for people to understand. For example, the
tremendous speed of the "Buraq" (The heavenly horse) on
which the Prophet travelled from Makkah to Jerusalem on
the night of Ascension, was regarded as unimaginable by the
so-called intellectuals of that time. But science has today
proved that the speed is a relative entity that cannot be bound
to any limits. Secondly, there are some views that are based
on conjectures and presumptions due to lack of knowledge,
rather than observation and certainty. The scientists have not
reached any definite conclusions on these matters so far.
Such findings sometimes are opposed to the explicit views of
the Qur'an and the traditions. In such situations the most
proper way is to maintain firm faith in them without making
new interpretation to the Qur'an. The scientific researches
that clash with them should be regarded as yet inconclusive
due to lack of knowledge about them. The more scientific
knowledge keeps growing the more it will help to expound
the realities described by the Qur'an and the traditions. For
example, the scientists think that the "sky" has no physical
existence. Obviously this hypothesis is not based on
observation and definite proof but on the assumption that
they have not been able to get any trace of the existence of
the sky hence they do not accept its existence. In other words
this hypothesis is based on "non existence of knowledge"
rather than "knowledge of non-existence". Hence we, the
believers in the Qur'an and the Traditions, assert with full
confidence that this hypothesis of the scientists is not
correct. According to the Qur'an and Tradition the skies do
exist but due to its lack of knowledge science has not been
able to discover it. If scientific knowledge continue to
increase it is quite possible that the scientists realize their
mistake and they accept the existence of the skies, just as
they have accepted many other things which they had been
denying earlier. The problem is that the tendency of looking
everything in its own perspective is gradually fading away
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from our minds. Whenever the importance of certain things
dominates our mind we find it difficult to remain within
bounds. Undoubtedly, science and technology is very useful
and is an essential branch of learning, and in the present
times it is an inevitable requirement for the Muslim Ummah
to survive. It is not possible to attain their due place in the
world today without science. But this certainly does not
mean that any hypothesis proclaimed by a scientist based on
conjectures and individual ideas should be accepted as true
and given the status of Divine Revelation (Wahy) and the
door of interpolations and alterations in the Qur'an and the
Sunnah be opened, or doubts and suspicions be given air on
this basis, particularly when it is often observed that
scientific views and theories are changing every day.
It must be remembered that the case of Islam is quite
different from that of Christianity. The latter did not have the
very force and spirit to stand against newly arising needs and
scientific discoveries of man. Hence science threatened it as
a great danger. Thus, in order to uphold the prestige of the
church, it was essential for Christianity either to oppose
scientific achievements or make amendments in the religion
itself. In the beginning the Roman Catholic Church adopted
the first course. Having full power and authority on the
people, the scientists, like Galileo, had to face tremendous
punishments. But when the authority of church was made to
lose its grip they had no alternatives than to make new
interpretations and fabricate the religion itself. Hence the
scholars of modernism adopted this way. It happened
because the whole edifice of Christianity was erected on
extremely unnatural and baseless grounds. Islam is a
different religion. It is the natural religion and no sensible
argument can challenge it. It is fully capable of fulfilling the
needs of the time and to satisfy the demands of new
circumstances without making any changes in the religion.
Our belief is that the truth of Islam will flourish more and
more with the advancement of science and scientific
knowledge, provided that its point of view remains scientific
in the real sense of the word and it does not give its
conjectures the status of certainty and observation.
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This is what the religious scholars of Islam think. It implies that
everything must be looked in its true perspective. It will not be
wise to cross the limits misled by sentimental slogans.
How strange it is that due to this moderate and absolutely
reasonable attitude some people are constantly propagating that the
scholars of Islam are opposed to science and technology and they
do not like any progress in this field. We can only pray to
Almighty Allah to bless them with common sense. Ameen.
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CHAPTER 8
THE CONQUEROR OF SPACE
In the last few years the historical achievements attained by
American scientists in the field of space technology, particularly
the incident of man's landing on the moon, has attracted the
attention of the entire world. Undoubtedly, the amazing journey of
Apollos in to space has presented a wonderful exposure of human
intellect. The success achieved by them is extremely valuable and a
historical marvel from the scientific point of view. They have
indeed demonstrated the highest accuracy of mathematical
calculations and technological implementation of the scientific
ideas. They are able to make prediction of extraordinary
circumstances.
The first time man has examined the moon from so near through
these spacecrafts. If a century ago somebody claimed that mail had
reached the moon by flying in the space or that he had seen the
earth rising from the horizon of the moon, it would have been
considered a fabulous Story of the Arabian Nights. It is a reality
today.
Every phase of this journey, right from the "take off of the
spacecraft to its successful landing on the earth, is an extremely
amazing feat for the common man. From the
Purely scientific point of view this journey is an achievement that
can never be forgotten. But this is only one side of the Picture
(Taking in view the end result of this wonderful journey reminds us
of an incident that occurred at the time of Caliph Haroon-al-
Rasheed.
It is stated that a certain person sought the permission of the Caliph
to present an astonishing performance in his court. When the
permission was granted he erected a needle upright on the floor and
himself stood at some distance with a few needles in his hand.
Then he took one of those needles in the other hand, aimed at the
needle on the floor, and threw the needle in his hand toward it.
People saw that this needle passed through the eye of the needle on
the floor. He repeated this performance several times and never
missed the target even once.
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On seeing this astonishing feat the Caliph ordered, "Give him ten
dinars, and punish him with ten lashes!" The courtiers asked for an
explanation of this equally astonishing reward. The Caliph said,
"He gets ten dinars for his accuracy of aim, truthfulness and
ambition, as a reward. But he will get ten lashes as a punishment
for spending his capabilities in a thing that is of no benefit to any
one materially or spiritually."
This incident of the prudence and wit of Haroon-al Rasheed is fully
applicable to the space-race of the present times. In fact one feels
obliged to commend and praise the scientists on the remarkable
feat of landing on the moon who have set unique records of their
technical and intellectual skill and their courage and endurance.
But when we see how much mental, financial and physical energy
of mankind has been spent on this and what did humanity receive
in return, this very achievement becomes an international crime.
Since there are several misunderstandings perplexing in the minds
of the people we would discuss the matter in some detail.
There is a group of simple people who think that all these attempts
to conquer moon and space are contradictory to the views of the
Qur'an and the tradition and (God forbid) they are a challenge to
the authority of God. So much so that, some people have been
heard saying, purely out of love for Islam, that all the news about
landing on the moon are fictions and they cannot be relied upon.
But the fact is that if the scientists of America or Russia or any
other country reach the moon or mars or any other planet, it does
not in any way clash with the Qur'an and the traditions, nor does it
affect the supreme authority of God. There is not a single verse of
the Qur'an or narration of the Prophet which denies the ascent of
man to moon or Mars or any other planet.
On the contrary, if those travelling in the space keep their eyes
open to realities they will find clear signs of the truth of the Qur'an
and the traditions. They will observe with their naked eyes the
realities of many Islamic concepts which are made more
comprehensible through the progress of the scientific knowledge,
and which were previously mocked at by the blind followers of
Rationalism. For instance, the description of the incredible speed of
the 'Buraq' in the Holy Traditions, with reference to the
Ascension, was regarded as fairy-tale by the so-called pioneers of
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rationalism. But the astronauts of today have circled around the
world in less than an hour and thus proved that speed is something
that can not be confined to any limits. So when the American
scientist and astronauts can exhibit such an astonishing super speed
through the limited powers of their mind why can't the unlimited
power of the Cherisher and Sustainer (Allah) of this universe give
even a higher speed, to any of His creatures.
In short, we have firm belief, and there is nothing to shake it, that
man is bound to salute and acknowledge the realities of the Qur'an
and the Sunnah with the ever increasing progress of science and
technology, if, of course, he remains within the bounds and does
not claim his calculations to be scientific observations. The religion
brought by the Holy Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) is not like the
religion of Christianity which should be frightened by the progress
of science. This is the religion which is the most symmetrical with
human nature. It had openly proclaimed fourteen centuries ago
that:
j
— i^»'i^> \ * — v c^i
"We shall soon show them Our signs in the horizons and within
themselves, until it becomes clear to them that this is the Truth".
(HaMimAs Sajdah: 53)
Imam Razi has quoted earlier commentators to say that the 'signs
in the Horizons' means the wonders of the skies, moon and stars
and the elements. The phrase "We will show our signs" means that
these wonders have no limits. Thus Allah will continue exhibiting
new wonders in every era of time.
On the other side there is a group among the Muslims who are so
much dazzled with the grandeur of science that they see nothing
more valuable, more important and worth following than throwing
rockets on the planets. The overawed tone and longing with which
these people talk of this type of scientific advancement gives an
impression that for them the most fortunate and exalted and
benefactor of mankind is the nation that has performed this
wondrous feat, and most deprived are those who have lagged
behind in this "sacred" race.
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You must have heard people saying "the world has entrapped the
moon and planets but the Muslims are still entangled in the
problems of Salah, fasting, marriage and divorce." This expression
actually depicts the same mentality that the Western nation has
surpassed all other nations in every walk of life by inventing the
rockets and satellites, and hence the solution to all our problems
must be sought by following the footsteps of the West.
In fact both these trends are dangerous. We have no hesitation in
acknowledging that this is an amazing achievement, and from the
scientific point of view, it is a great success of man. But the
question arises whether this "achievement" was worth attempting
in view of the price man had to pay for it? There are many who
take pleasure out of the success of space explorations but very few
know what quantity of wealth was spent in each of these space
journeys? The expenses incurred on Apollo-8 were one trillion and
twenty billion rupees (Jang, Karachi, 14 January 1969). This
amount was equivalent to at least twenty annual budgets and six
years of national income of Pakistan. In other words the amount
spent by Pakistan in twenty years and the money earned by 100
million people of Pakistan in six years was spent on only one space
journey. It is the amount spent only on the journey of the Apollo-8.
The journey of Apollo-10 must have cost far more money than the
Appalo-8. It is equal to the money that could be spent by Pakistan
in 80 years.
The question arises can it be the act of anyone having the slightest
compassion for mankind to spend billion and trillions of rupees in a
space journey in a world where people are massacred by hunger
and poverty, where millions of people are begging for a loaf of
bread, where countless people die for not being able to get the
medicines required for their ailment, where about half the
population remain deprived of education facilities? In America
itself which has the "honor" of performing the "great achievement"
a report was published in the same month in which one trillion and
twenty billion rupees were spent on Apollo-8, that one out of every
nine persons is destitute, and that:
"Poverty is the greatest material problem of today" (Weekly
"Time" New York, 24 January 1969, p 29)
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This huge expenditure on the useless probe of space in a country
like America cannot be justified for a nation who claims to be
sympathetic to mankind. It seems that Sa'adi had been addressing
the astronauts of today when he said:
You have well solved the problems of the earth
That you are going to play with the heavens.
If a man from the East tries to show the other side of the picture of
space-race, it may be said that he is saying it due to his jealousy for
Western advancement. Hence we present the comments of a
renowned historian and thinker of the West itself on this subject. A
very thoughtful article of a distinguished historian and philosopher
of England Dr. Arnold Tyne Bee has been published. We are
presenting herewith a summary of its excerpts from Pakistan Times
of 6th. January 1969. After admitting the wondrous feat of space
achievements he writes:
"Even today 10% or 20% of American population comprises of
indigent people. Looking at the world as a whole only one third of
its increasing population is such as is getting proper food. Hence
utilization of the economic resources of mankind is in the foolish
pursuits of erecting the Pyramids of Egypt or landing on the moon,
which, in themselves, are included in the list of the crimes.
"The world of today is involved in three wars. Individual strikes
are getting frequent, students are protesting everywhere and
different ways of terrorism are being adopted. All this is happening
under the disgraceful feeling that use of force is the only way to
attract attention of people when one is offended.
"People of Russia and America had been congratulating each other
on their space achievements although the main cause of this
"stupidity" had been their own rivalries. If these two political
powers had not been in combat with each other on the small planet
of Earth this "stupidity" would not have occurred.
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"From the very early days of history of human activities, the
technical advancement and moral degradation of man are
becoming inseparable. The history of our science and technology is
indeed a wonderful "Tale of achievements" but the history of our
mutual relations has been proved to be a story of grief and regrets
on our failures. This is the moral "gap" which after 1945 A.D. has
widened to the extent that it has opened a vast channel for disaster
to enter."
"In this atomic age, the priority must be given to save ourselves
from the crime of wasting the lives of other human beings. For this
it is essential that a Supreme government be formed on the
universal level and all local governments be placed under it. But
this is becoming even more difficult, than landing on the moon
because at present Nationalism has become as sacred as an idol. To
part with a false deity needs a greater courage and bravery in this
world than is needed by the astronauts.
"Next in the list of priority comes making effective arrangements
to produce food for the population on this earth. We do not know
the extent to which the world population would have gone by the
time the movement of family planning gains popularity throughout
the world. However we do know that we should not waste a single
moment to increase the supply of food. The fast moving
technological progress should equally speed up the productivity in
every field.
"These are the two most important targets before mankind while
space adventures can not be of any service to any of them.
"Hence the fact is that conquering of space is an absolutely
wasteful exercise, and by spending our energies in this direction we
are intentionally imposing on ourselves huge economic liabilities.
We cannot, and should not ignore our economic problems at a time
when the human race is heading fast toward starvation.
"As to the question that, in case we put the space program at the
bottom of our agenda and delete the preparation of war from it,
what alternate use of the scientific knowledge of our inventors be?
"The question has already been answered by the Japanese
government. The researches of our scientists should be directed to
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explore the resources hidden in the sea instead of wasting them in
space and war strategies.
"The sea is within the reach of man as against the nearest planet
from the earth. Two-third area of our planet is water and it is a
huge treasure of the unknown resources. It has been estimated that
there exists the greatest store of natural resources in the sea which
remains yet unexplored.
"This is a vast field of research for man and in addition to
satisfying the desire for research it may also provide a surety that
the population will not die of starvation even if it increases ten-fold
of the current population.
"A yellow female fish lays one million eggs during its life span,
but under ordinary circumstances only three fully grown fish can
be produced that would be capable of laying further eggs. But
when Japan's "sea-farmers" tried to enhance the ability of these
eggs artificially and nurtured the stock of eggs and protected them
from other animals it resulted in the production of 100,000 fish
from the eggs of one fish.
"When Apollo-8 returned after its victorious flight I received a
telephone call from across the Atlantic a few hours after it, "Do
you think this is a revolutionary incidence in the history of
mankind?"
My answer was 'NO'.
"My answer could have been 'Yes' if the news of that day had
been that humanity has suddenly regained its consciousness and it
has formed a universal central state, and their researchers have
discovered from the depth of the sea things that can be used by
mankind for its collective purposes." We have yet to achieve this
revolutionary aim, and for that the first step of the world powers
should be to divert their resources towards the collective
advancement of human beings instead of wasting them in space
adventures and war weapons. If this is achieved the population of
the entire world can be brought to the standard of living now
enjoyed by 80% of American peoples.
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'This will indeed be a 'Revolutionary incidence' but this will not
be achieved through technology alone. If one wants to reap fruits
through the power of technology the essential condition for it is a
spiritual revolution. This spiritual surgery is our dire need and
without it all our recently discovered material resources would be
useless. Even if we land on the moon without the spiritual revival
the dust and ashes obtained from there will mock at our spiritual
bankruptcy from which we could not get our motherland rid of."
In this article Dr. Tyne Bee has made a wise diagnosis of the
disease, and if you give a little thought you will know that the root
cause of this disease is that the people tracking the heavenly bodies
have no definite aim or any exalted motto of life. All the ways of
their struggle have been lost in their childish desire of surpassing
others. The result is that they have not been able to utilize their
unlimited capabilities for conquer of this universe that could lead
mankind to the goal of peace and tranquility. All their energy is
being spent in combating with each other, in surpassing or
defeating each other; and in this struggle they have overlooked
what great harm they have inflicted on themselves.
A race between the two parties, no matter how fast and speedy it is,
cannot be of any benefit to humanity if it is not in the right
direction. Tyne Bee was right in saying that spiritual surgery was
needed to take full advantage of science. But what he does not
know is that such a surgical treatment cannot be possible without
submission to the greatest benefactor of mankind, Muhammad
(Peace of Allah be upon him) who had made the return trip to
heavenly destination far beyond the Moon, Mars, Venus and Pluto,
and which is beyond the scientific imagination. Instead of directing
his followers to conquer the moon he asked them to conquer the
hearts and souls of the people. Unless the world kneels down to his
feet and seeks guidance from Him, it will never be able to acquire
peace and tranquility, though it may launch numerous artificial
satellites or plant its flags on the moon or Mars or any other
planets. After the landing on the moon all further advancement of
science in this direction will prove more disastrous for mankind
and only add to the uneasiness and darken the clouds of suffering
and distress over the mankind.
The great philosopher-poet of the East has rightly said:
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"The one, who is seeking the paths of heavenly bodies, could not
travel in the world of his own thoughts. He captured the rays of the
sun, but could not turn his night into the dawn of life. He was so
much involved in the perplexities of his logic that he remains
unable to decide between the gain and loss."
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CHAPTER 9
ISLAM AND THE CONQUER OF THE UNIVERSE
The Holy Qur'an has expounded the fact in many places that the
entire universe has been created for mankind and every particle has
been placed for the service of human beings. It stated:
"He is (Allah) Who created for you all that is in the earth." (2:29)
"And He (Allah) has subjugated to you all that is in the heavens
and all that is in the earth, altogether from Him. Surely in that are
signs for a people who reflect." (45:13)
In these verses while describing His bounties Allah has made
subtle indication that since all these things have been created for
Man it is Man's duty to get knowledge and explore them by
applying his logic and wisdom bestowed on him by Allah, for the
benefit of Mankind. He should put to his use all resources that
Allah has stored in the universe. There are two kinds of bounties of
Allah created in the universe. The things that are general which
man uses in his life, yet there are some bounties which can be
acquired by the use of knowledge and wisdom. The Qur'an said:
"Have you not seen how Allah has subjugated to you whatsoever is
in the heavens and whatsoever is in the earth, and He has perfected
His blessings on you, (both) open and hidden?" (31:20)
In other words, Allah has indeed subjugated the universe to Man
yet it does not mean that he shall get all these blessings without
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striving for them and using physical and mental talents for
achieving them.
At another place the Holy Qur'an said:
"Allah is He who has subjugated the sea to you that the ships may
sail through it by His command, and that you may seek of His
bounty and that you may offer thanks." (Q.45: 12)
In this verse the cause for subjugation of sea has been described as
providing it as a means of seeking Allah's blessings and bounties.
In the Qur'an "seeking Allah's bounty" generally means "striving
for earning the livelihood". Hence, one meaning of this verse may
be that mankind has been given authority and power of navigation
on the sea so that they may trade through it. Some commentators
have, however, stated that "seeking Allah's bounty" in this verse
does not mean trade but research and exploration of countless other
bounties that He has created in the sea. The verse then means: "We
have subjugated the sea for you after creating in it innumerable
useful things so that you may seek for them and make use of
them". Thus, every now and then the discoveries of modern
science are making it apparent that the treasures of mineral and
botanical products hidden in the sea are far more than those on the
earth.
The Qur'an has explicitly pointed out at various places that even
new bounties of this universe will get exposed as often as man
would march forward in the way of research and exploration. For
example, where the Qur'an has mentioned horses and mules as
means of transport, it has further pointed out that in future there
will come out such means of transport which man did not know at
that stage.
"(Allah has created for you) horses, mules and donkeys that you
may ride on them, and (in future) He will create such things which
as yet you don't know." (16:8)
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In this manner the Qur'an has pointed out to all kinds of means of
communication to be invented till the Last Day.
At another place it said:
"We shall show them Our signs, in the universe and also in their
selves until it is clear to them that this (Qur'an) is the Truth."
(53:41)
This verse signifies that the exposition of Allah's attribute of
creation will never cease to create. The new blessings and
productions will keep appearing in every era of time till the Last
Day.
Many more statements from the Qur'an and prophetic traditions
can be produced on this subject, but even if these few verses are
positively reflected upon, the reality will be exposed as broad
daylight that if access through research, investigation, experiments
and discoveries is made to the hidden powers of universe with
rightful intentions and rightful methods, it is not condemnable in
the eyes of the Quran, it is desirable. And not only has Islam not
laid down any restriction on such scientific experiments, it has, in
fact, encouraged them. This is the reason why Muslims have left
lasting impressions of their scientific endeavors which will
continue to serve as guidelines for mankind.
However, it must be remembered that the concept of conquering
the universe as presented by Islam is quite different from the
materialistic concept of the West. The West has also undertaken
the task of conquering it, and indeed in the last few years they have
attained extraordinary successes in this field. But the first and
fundamental difference of Islam with the West is that their
restricted material visualization of things has deprived them of
seeing the vast world beyond matter. Hence whatever new
inventions are made by them are regarded as the fruits of their own
power, intellect and labor. They do not perceive the active hand of
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the Creator or Master behind these discoveries. But the vision of
Islam sees things beyond the investigations, experiments and
discoveries and it observes the supreme power of creation of Allah
behind them. Allah has subjugated the entire universe for mankind
on one hand, and on the other hand He has bestowed man with the
intellect, wisdom, power and energy through which he has been
able to dominate the forces of this universe. Hence the teaching of
Islam is that after the success gained in the process of subjugation
of universe he should kneel down before his Creator and Master in
humble submission rather than be proud and arrogant. It is Allah
who awarded him with the honor of ruling over the entire universe.
According to the Qur'anic teaching the call of a true Muslim on
such occasions is:
"Glorified be He Who has subjugated (all) this to us and we
ourselves were not capable to do it, And surely to our Lord we
shall return." (43:13)
The second fundamental difference between Islam and the West
with regard to the conquering of the universe is that the ultimate
object of the Western efforts in this direction is the conquering of
the universe itself.
According to them, the aim of a man's life, is nothing more than
gaining the maximum benefit and pleasure out of the universe and
depart from this world. Contrary to this, subjugation of the
universe, in the eyes of Islam, is not the final aim by itself; but it is
a means to achieve the goal, and only a milestone on the path of a
man's destination. The Islamic point of view is that Man gets the
right to utilize the services of this universe only when he fulfills the
purpose of his creation and discharges his duties rightly and
sincerely. Almighty Allah has not subjugated this universe to man
without purpose and the purpose is that man should perform the
duty imposed on him with precision and honesty. This duty is
worship and submission to Allah.
Allah said:
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"And I have not created the Jinn and mankind but to worship Me".
(51:56)
The third fundamental difference between the West and Islam is
that any new force or power which man comes to possess as a
result of his struggle for dominating the universe can be applied or
used for any purpose that is allowed by human reason. But Islam
teaches that the purpose of its use is determined by Almighty Allah
who has bestowed that power to man, hence these inventions and
discoveries can be used only for the objectives permitted by Him.
When man determines by himself the purpose without the guidance
of Divine Revelations these bounties of the universe may
sometimes lead him to the path of destruction instead of giving any
benefit to mankind. This results in the fact that despite hoisting his
flag on the moon and Mars his own life seems to fall into the abyss
of darkness. Thus the Islamic concept of subjugation of universe is
more universal and comprehensive than that of the West, and more
beneficial for Mankind.
May Almighty Allah give us the ability to recognize its true values
and to practice them in the right direction. (Ameen)
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CHAPTER 10
IJTEHAD
In the year 1404 A.H a convention of Ulema (Religious scholars)
was held in Islamabad under the auspices of the Ministry of
Religious Affairs, Pakistan. In the open session of this convention
the president of Pakistan, Gen. Zia ul Haq, was also present. One
of the topics of this convention was "How to start the process of
Ijtehad in the country?". The extempore speech of the Editor of Al-
Balagh given on this occasion has now been published in a booklet
by transcribing it from the Tape-recorded speech which is
reproduced below.
Mr. President, distinguished audience, As-salam-oAlaikum.
I conceive that the recommendations submitted by the four
committees of this convention in this short time are promising and
encouraging. When this program was being announced yesterday it
was not expected that such solid recommendations could be
prepared in such a short time. But, on the whole, the
recommendations prepared by all the four committees are very
commendable and encouraging. Every person had to be a member
of one of these committees therefore a member of certain
committee did not get a chance to express his views before other
committees. I, therefore, seek to express my views with regard to
the problems that were discussed by the committees that did not
have me as a member.
The committee which dealt with the ways and means to enhance
the speed of Islamization, which is the real object of this
convention, has done a remarkable job. I fully endorse every word
of the recommendations by this committee and also request that
they should be given thorough consideration and be examined with
all their intentions and spirits and immediate action should be
taken.
Similarly the recommendations made by the Unity and Consonant
committee are also very encouraging and in fact, if they can be put
to practice they will play a very effective role in checking the
epidemics of disunity and disruption.
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Just now I want to draw your attention to the third committee
which has been formed in connection with the process of "Ijtehad",
and its recommendations have been presented by Moulana
Muhammad Malik Kandhalvi and 'Allama Syed Muhammad Razi
Mujtahid. Since this gathering is, more or less, a representative
gathering of Ulema (Religious scholars), I think the decisions taken
here will have a far reaching effect. Hence I wish to state that
contradicting misunderstandings are present about "Ijtehad" in our
society at present. As a result at times we notice an extreme degree
of inactivity and at other times an equal degree of over activity in
this field.
In my opinion, and this is not my individual or exclusive opinion
but it is derived from the Qur'an, Hadith and verdicts of jurists of
Islam, that "Ijtehad" is like a double- edged sword. If it is properly
understood, and used within its limitations of fulfilling the
conditions laid down for it, this can be a source of great treasure of
Islamic laws and a matter of great pride for the nation. But if it is
allowed to be wrongly used by incapable persons it will result in
creating false concepts and irreligious movements as we read in the
books like 'Al-milal Wan-Nahi'. Those views and claims had their
sway for sometime but now they exist only in the pages of ancient
books.
The same Ijtehad can be used to find practical ways for the Muslim
Ummah, and the same can lead to such ridiculous interpretations as
were advanced in our country. The Qur'an said:
"And as the thief, man or woman, cut off the hands of both." (5:38)
This Qur'anic verse was interpreted that "thief man and thief
woman" means "capitalists"; and "cut off their hands" signifies
"Nationalize their industries". This interpretation has not been
made by a person of ordinary literary status, but by a person of our
country who is, supposed to be a renowned intellectual.
Similarly, in this country it has been expounded through Ijtehad
that "interest" is not forbidden, and that intoxicants are also
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permissible. It is through the same type of Ijtehad that they tried
every evil of Western Civilization to make permissible; and it is
through this that an endless chain of religious manipulations has
been started.
It is in this context that I have called it a double-edged sword. If it
is not used with necessary precautions and some one starts
attempting it without having the required proficiency he would
open the door to distorting the religion, and would lead to extreme
degree of misleading conceptions.
Some people think that "Ijtehad" allows taking a decision through
personal opinion in religious matters. This must be fully
understood that this practice has never been regarded as "Ijtehad"
in Islam. The one who considers it as "Ijtehad" has in fact fallen
into great error. The door of "Ijtehad" had been opened by the Holy
Prophet (PBUH), and the Hadith reported by Ma' az bin Jabal has
made it clear.
The Prophet asked Ma'az "How will you decide on a thing not
found in the Book of Allah?" He replied, "I will follow the
Prophetic traditions (Sunnah). The Prophet then asked, "What
would you do if you find nothing in Sunnah?" He replied, I will do
"Ijtehad" with my personal opinion." It is quite apparent from this
Hadith that there is no room for "Ijtehad" in matters explicated by
the Qur'an and the Sunnah. If someone attempts Ijtehad in such
matters it will not be called "Ijtehad" but fabrication or distortion.
If "Ijtehad" could be permitted in matters where explicit
injunctions from the Qur'an and Hadith are present, there was no
need for the advent of Prophets and Messengers. The purpose of
Wahy (Divine Revelation) was that the right way be shown to
people through Wahy in matters where Man cannot make the
correct decision through his intellect. Had it been an open field for
everyone, to do as he or she thinks proper there was no need to
follow the Qur'an or Prophetic traditions. It would have been
sufficient to say that people should lead their lives according to
their personal likings, opinions and reasoning as the time and
circumstances demand. This misunderstanding must be removed
about the application of Ijtehad, and whatever resolutions are
passed must fully observe this point.
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Sometimes, however, "Ijtehad" is not taken as a freedom of
opinion to prevail over the Qur'an and tradition, but whenever the
process of "Ijtehad" is discussed an impression is given that the
Qur'an and traditions have been revealed to us for the first time
and no work has been done in the field of interpretation and
explanation for all these fourteen hundred years and that the
meanings deduced by us through personal reasoning shall be
"Ijtehad" that must be implemented.
This concept is sometimes deliberately propagated while the fact is
that we are not living in a vacuum but we are living in an era which
has the background of fourteen centuries of laudable efforts in the
field of Qur'anic learning by renowned companions of the Prophet,
their followers, religious scholars, jurists of Islam and devoted
personalities of the Ummah. They have spent their lives in
devotion to the cause of exegesis of the Qur'an and interpretation
of the Prophetic traditions, and the sacrifices they have made for
this cause are beyond our imagination. They had to go through the
troubles of starvation and rough clothing and poorest means of
sustenance for this noble cause and left behind a huge collection of
this work. Now, throwing all this collection in a dust-bin and start
making fresh interpretations, through the agency of "Ijtehad"
unsupported by the Quran and the Sunnah, it will be an act of
shameful self deception. It will mean that all the collections of the
jurists be ignored and totally a new Fiqh of Islam should be
prepared.
A sensible solution, however, that answers the new problems may
be sought in the light of existing rules and principles derived from
the Qur'an and traditions. This is the right application of "Ijtehad"
in the right direction. Indeed countless problems may arise in every
new period that are not defined by the Quran and the Prophetic
traditions or no answer to these problems is provided by the
available Fatawa(verdicts) of the jurists. Being within these limits
and seeking the solutions to newer problems and understanding the
intentions of jurists and the intentions of the Shariah is called true
"Ijtehad" and this is the "Ijtehad" whose doors have not been
closed to anyone so far.
This is a sheer propaganda that the door of Ijtehad is closed.
Nobody has ever closed it. This door has been opened by the Holy
Prophet and shall remain open till the Last Day, and as long as this
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Ijtehad remains in capable hands nobody can close it. This is the
type of Ijtehad that is needed in the present time. Countless
problems have come up before us about whom we find no explicit
injunctions or there are practical difficulties in their
implementations. The door of Ijtehad is open for solving these
problems.
Here I wish to point out that the topic of the committee has been
phrased "How to start the process of Ijtehad in Pakistan?" The
sentence seems to claim that the process of Ijtehad has not been
started out so far, and now it is being started which was not in
practice before. I wish to submit that this supposition is not correct.
The required Ijtehad which the Muslim Ummah really needs is not
a new thing. It was in practice before. If now an organized method
is provided to it, it would be appreciable. But to think that the
scholars of Islamic learning had not been doing this Ijtehad before
is not correct. The true Ijtehad that is needed had been in process
and should continue to be there in the future.
What we said above was about the principles in this regard. The
recommendation of the committee that has come before us is that a
Board of the Ulema (The Religious scholars) be formed to carry
out Ijtehad and present their opinions on new problems. In this
connection, I may be allowed to point out an important Islamic
practice. The history of fourteen hundred years of Islam reminds us
that, Islam never formed a supreme authoritative institution or
clergy, an institution whose opinion should be the last word
depriving everyone the right of criticism as is the case with
Christianity. It is in Christianity that Pope is regarded as beyond all
errors and infallible to everything.
The system in Islamic Ijtehad has been that no authoritative
organization with absolute powers was ever formed. The opinion
of the Ulema carrying out Ijtehad are publicized and are open to
free criticism by other Ulema and ultimately the decision about
their being right or wrong is made only on the basis of the
collective consensus of the Ummah to accept an Ijtehad or reject it.
Hence, if the intention of creating a Board of Ijtehad is that its
interpretations are imposed on the Muslims as the last word, and
other Ulema are not allowed to express their opinion against it,
then in my opinion this is not a right objective.
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Another thing to be noted is that establishing an institution
exclusively for Ijtehad at this time may have some practical
problems and may call for some financial implications as well.
Hence I propose that we have already got an institution by the
name of "Council for Islamic Ideology" and another institution by
the name of "Institute of Islamic Research", this responsibility may
be entrusted to them. As has been proposed by the committee, a
comprehensive list of the problems which need Ijtehad be prepared
and handed over to these institutions. However the officials of
these institutions should not limit these considerations to
themselves but they should invite other Ulema and scholars of the
country to express their opinion before a decision is announced by
the Council for Islamic Ideology. It will reduce the financial
burden on the one hand, and on the other the duplication of work
will be eliminated. Otherwise the new Board for Ijtehad in the
presence of the Council of Islamic Ideology may give birth to new
problems. If a difference arises between the two institutions a third
committee or institution will be needed to remove it. Hence it will
be better if the Council of Islamic Ideology or Institute of Islamic
Research are entrusted the work of preparing a list of such
problems and then call for the renowned, qualified jurists and
devoted scholars of Islam for a joint session, and take guidance
from them and then arrive at a unanimous conclusion.
It has been reported with authentic sources in the tradition of
Majm'a-al-Zawaid by Hadhrat Ali bin Abi Talib that the Prophet
(PBUH) was asked "We may be faced with problems, after you, in
which there may be neither a command nor prohibition from you.
What should we do in a situation like this?" In quite a few words
the Prophet provided us with the right way. He said, "Consult the
jurists (Legal experts) and the devotees cognizant with religion,
and do not impose individual opinion as if it was the collective
view of the Ummah". He thus advised to call for people having two
qualifications that is, they are jurists and devoted to the cause of
Islam, consult them and then reach a conclusion.
If the Council of Islamic Ideology and Institute of Islamic Research
keep these principles in view and consult the Ulema when needed,
then publish their opinion allowing open freedom of criticism to
other Ulema. Anyone having opposing views should be allowed to
express himself. In this way the process of Ijtehad can continue in
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the same manner as it had been continuing over the last fourteen
years. In case we adopt self conceived means and methods we
cannot hope to make the desired progress.
In the end I wish to submit that any such institution if formed under
the supervision of the State it is essential to take into consideration
the fact that governments keep changing and rulers are replaced.
Hence it should be formed on the principles which keep them
practicable under all circumstances. Thus the selection of the
workers should be made on the basis of knowledge and devotion
rather than on political grounds. If this factor is effectively
incorporated in the basic terms of reference of such institutions, the
process of Ijtehad will, by the Grace of Allah, be a source of
blessing to us, and we shall be able to guard against the dangers
which could be created by the wrong use of Ijtehad in our society.
With these reservations I endorse the recommendations of the
committee.
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CHAPTER 11
AGGRESSIVE AND DEFENSIVE JEHAD
An Answer To A Letter:
Question: Respected Moulana Muhammad Taqi Usmani Sahib,
Assalam-o-Alaikum wa Ralunatullah-wa Barakatuhu.
My humble self had recently had a chance to read some older
editions of your esteemed journal "Al-Balagh". In the issue of
March 1971, I found the following suggestions under clauses 17,
18 on page 10.
(17) Compromising relations and amicable treatment could be
established with such non-Muslim states as may not be hostile to
Islam and Muslims.
(18) Agreements made with other countries shall be honored if
they are permissible under Islamic Law, otherwise such agreements
will be declared dissolved.
From these clauses it is apparent that non-Muslim states can retain
their non-Muslim status in the presence of an Islamic state if they
are non-hostile or hold a treaty or agreement.
In other words, the Islamic State will not wage Jihad for
propagation of Islam against them, even though, I think, peaceful
preaching of Islam would continue in them also, and any
interference therein by a non-Muslim state shall be an open proof
of hostility. Anyway, my humble self is in full agreement with both
these clauses, because my view is that the real job of Muslims is
preaching of Islam throughout the world rather than attaining a
power for total elimination of unbelievers from the earth and
establishing an Islamic State everywhere (which is the view of
Moududi sahab).
However attempts (through Aggressive Jihad) must be made
against hostile and non- compromising non-Muslim states to
subdue them in order to be safe from their mischief.
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But in the issue of June 1981 in the critique of the book
"Mukhtasar Seerat-e-Nabawiyah" by Moulana Abdul Shakoor
Lakhnavi, after quoting the following excerpt from the book:
"The religious obligation of Jihad is only for the oppressed and for
eradicating cruelties .. . .in other words Jihad is the name of
protection of self determination..., hence considering the battles of
the Prophetic era as devoid of defensive and protective measures is
not only irreligious but is illogical also."
You have commented,
"From these sentences it appears that only Defensive Jihad is
permissible while the real purpose of Jihad is propagation of
Islam" which means "To establish the supremacy of Islam and
damage the authority of the infidels".
" For this purpose taking initiative for Jihad is not only permissible
but at times obligatory and a means for reward from Allah. Apart
from the Qur'an and traditions, the entire history of Islam is full of
such Jihads. We need not make excuses and adopt apologetic
attitude simply for the objections coming from non-Muslims. No
single person has ever been forced to accept Islam nor is it
permitted; otherwise the Islamic institution of 'Jizyah' would have
been meaningless. Muslims' sword has, however, been raised to
establish the grandeur of Islam. If anybody wants to stay in the
darkness of disbelief; he may do so, but the rule of Allah must
prevail in the world created by Him. Muslims wage Jihad to raise
the name of Allah and to subdue His rebels. Why should we feel
shy in expressing this fact before people whose entire history is full
of blood-shed for colonialism, and who have massacred millions of
people simply to satisfy their lust and greed."
I wish to make two submissions to you about this critique.
Firstly in my opinion it is wrong to deduce from the extracted
sentences of Moulana Abdul Shakoor that in his opinion only
defensive Jihad is permissible, while he has also written that "Jihad
is the name of protection of self determination" which can include
every offensive Jihad.
Moulana Thanavi has stated:
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"Jihad is meant to defend Islam and protect self determination
with this it should not be thought that initiative for Jihad should not
be taken. The purpose of an initiative itself is this defense and
protection because there is great chance of resistance. It is for
checking this resistance that Jihad is obligated. In short the defense
that provides a motive for Jihad is general against defense for
existing situation and defense for anticipated resistance in future."
(Al-Afadat-alYoumiya, Letter No: 497 voL 6).
Moulana Abdul Shakoor must have been aware of many
Aggressive Jihads of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), and hence he
cannot call such Jihads as unlawful. He, however, considers all the
Jihads of the Prophet as Defensive and Protective because the
purpose of all of them had been to break the force of Pagans of
Arabia for the defense and protection of the integrity of Islam and
Muslims so that the Religion of Truth may gain power in the
region. When this purpose was achieved Allah revealed verse 3 of
Surah Ma'idah on the occasion of the Last Hajj:
"This day have those who disbelieve despaired of your religion, so
fear them not, but fear you Me. This day have I perfected your
religion for you and completed My blessing on you, and have
approved Al-Islam as Din (Code of life) for you".
Obviously the Moulana has meant to include both Aggressive and
Defensive Jihads under 'Protection of integrity of Islam."
However, it would have been better if he had further classified it to
avoid misunderstanding by the reader.
The second thing, which had specially been the prime cause of
writing this letter, is to express my views about your critique so
that you may either endorse or contradict it. (In case of
contradiction, arguments of the Qur'an and Sunnah will be
needed). My views will become clear to you from the following:
You have given the real purpose of Aggressive Jihad as
Propagation of Message of Allah which, according to you, is to be
manifested with supremacy of Islam and establish its grandeur and
breaking that of disbelief and Paganism so that the rule of Allah
may prevail in a world created by Him. For this to understand we
must first determine the meaning of the Kalimah of Allah
(Message of Allah). In view of my humble self every reasonable,
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true, correct and just word is the Kalimah of Allah or the Kalimah
of the Truth. To make it dominating over every unreasonable, false,
incorrect and unjust thing or to make people believe the meanness
and evils of the latter and elegance and grace of the former is the
Kalimah of the Truth or the Kalimah of Allah. Supremacy of a
thing signifies that it exists in a dominant trait. For example,
domination of ignorance means the illiteracy of majority of people,
dominance of 'world' means that most of the people are involved
in worldly pursuits and do not discriminate between the lawful and
forbidden things. The domination of the West means that majority
of people have adopted Western civilization and style of life,
domination of Hanafiyat means majority of people belonging to
Hanafi school of thought, etc. etc. Thus, supremacy or domination
of Islam would mean that most people are its true followers, and
this (religious) domination of Islam is that is required. If 'Kalimah
of Allah' is taken to mean Islam, then the propagation of Allah's
Kalimah would mean similar type of domination of it. The method
of acquiring such domination cannot be anything but convincingly
preaching and producing exemplary character of the preachers and
their people. This is what can cause a revolution in the hearts and
minds of non-Muslims. This cannot be achieved by making them
the subjects of an Islamic State, because in a situation like this the
inferiority complex and the subjective feelings would to some
extent prohibit them to listen to the Kalimah. Hence, Aggressive
Jihad does not result in domination of the religion of Islam but in
that of a political domination of Muslims, and it is their own
domination that is established and not that of Islam. The grandeur
of Islam means that Muslims practice the teachings of the Qur'an
and Prophetic Traditions in Toto. For a political domination and
grandeur their being even good Muslims is not essential, and it
does not even result in the establishment of Rule of Allah on the
world created by Him. As the non-Muslims would continue to
abide by their entire life style after paying "Jizyah". Intoxicants
and pork would not be prohibited for them nor would they be
stoned to death for rape. Their family laws would remain in place
and adultery would remain unrestricted. If for some reasons the
majority of non- Muslim citizens did not embrace Islam this
political domination will continue only as long as the Islamic state
is powerful. In case it gets weakened the non-Muslim citizens will
rebel against the state and take even undue revenge of their
previous subjugation as happened in Spain or is happening in India
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which has been more intensified after the division of the sub-
continent.
I certainly do not mean that Aggressive Jihad should never be
done. Rather, I believe that Jihad is obligatory against hostile, non-
compromising, non-Muslim states if Muslims have enough power
to carry it out, so that their force is broken and they do not obstruct
the preaching of Islam. Aggressive Jihad is not advisable against
those non- hostile and compromising non-Muslim states who allow
preaching of Islam in their territories particularly these days when
territorial subjugation is generally condemned in the world,
contrary to the times when capture of land was common, it was a
credit to the attribute of the kings and rulers. The Aggressive
Jihads of the major part of Islamic history all belong to the same
period. However, Muslims must attain their martial superiority and
keep expanding it so that non-Muslim states remain subdued "for
fear of Jihad", to say nothing of actual Jihad. The Qur'an also
commands to acquire and maintain the military strength. In the past
despite the common practice of fighting for victory, earlier
victories of Muslims were distinguished from those of other
nations. Victories of other nations were meant only to show their
strength and grandeur, and, in your terminology, to fulfill their lust
and greed. But Muslims did not have colonialist intentions (except
for Arabia, Iran and Rome where expansionism was somewhat
required). But their main intention was Propagation of the Message
of Allah through preaching and inviting to this message. The safest
way of doing it, at that time, was expansion of state.
Hence Qari Tayyab has said, "The companions (of the Prophet)
apparently waged wars but their aim used to be propagation of the
Message of Allah. If their aim had been territorial expansion they
would not have made treaties allowing the opponents to continue
their rule and only permit the Muslims to preach Islam
unobstructed. They were assured that no one will be forced to
accept Islam. People will be free to accept or reject it. Those who
accepted such a treaty no concern was shown to them. If territorial
expansion was aimed at such a treaty would not have been needed
and their country would have been captured.... Any way when non-
Muslims became bound by a treaty or agreement or became
subjects they were let free because the real purpose was
propagation of the Kalimah of Allah to the extent of preaching"
(Qari Tayyab and his lectures. Part I, pp 237, 238.)
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I have underlined my thoughts and those that were in agreement
with mine to make it easy for you to reply. "I hope you are feeling
well".
Yours humbly,
Syed Badr us Salam, Jeddah.
Answer from Moulana Muhammad Taqi Usmani:
Respected Sir,
Asslam-o-Alaikum wa Rahmatullah-wa- Barakatuhu.
I am in receipt of your esteemed letter. Whatever you have written
about Jihad can be summarized as this "If a non-Muslim state
allows for preaching Islam in its country, Jihad against it does not
remain lawful." If this is what you mean, my humble self does not
agree with it. Obstruction in the way of preaching Islam does not
mean only a legal obstacle, but greater power or domination of a
non-Muslim state against Muslims is by itself a great obstacle in
the propagation of Islam. There are no legal restrictions in most of
the countries today on preaching Islam, but since their grandeur
and authority is established in the world, it has led to developing a
universal feeling which forms a greater obstacle than the greatest
legal binding in the way of free propagation of Islam.
For this reason the most important purpose of Jihad is to break this
grandeur so that the resulting psychological subordination should
come to an end and the way of accepting the Truth becomes
smooth. As long as this grandeur and domination persists, the
hearts of people will remain subdued and will not be fully inclined
to accept the religion of Truth. Hence Jihad will continue. The
Qur'an said:
Here, killing is to continue until the unbelievers pay Jizyah after
they are humbled or overpowered. If the purpose of killing was
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only to acquire permission and freedom of preaching Islam, it
would have been said "until they allow for preaching Islam." But
the obligation of Jizyah and along with it the mention of their
subordination is a clear proof that the purpose is to smash their
grandeur, so that the veils of their domination should be raised and
people get a free chance to think over the blessings of Islam.
Imam Razi has written the following commentary on this verse:
"The purpose of "Jizyah" is not to let the unbelievers stay in their
contumacy against Islam but sparing their lives to give them a
chance for a time during which they may hopefully get convinced
of the truth of Islam and embrace it. So when an unbeliever is
given time wherein he would be observing the respect and honor of
Islam, and hearing the arguments of its validity, and also observing
the baselessness of disbelief, these things would convince him to
turn towards Islam. This, in fact, is the real purpose of legalizing
Jizyah.
The other question worthy of notice is: Do we find an example that
the Prophet (PBUH) and his companions ever sent any missionary
groups in other countries before Jihad and waited for their reaction
to allow or disallow the missionary work? Did they go for Jihad
only when they were refused to carry out the missionary work for
Islam? Was any mission sent to Rome before attacking them? Was
any attempt made to avoid Jihad against Iran and did they contend
on seeking a permission for preaching Islam for that purpose?
Obviously it was not so. Thus there can be no other conclusion that
only a permit for missionary activities was not the aim. If that
would have been the only aim many of the bloody combats could
be stopped only on one condition that no obstacle would be placed
in the way of the mission of Islam. But at least in my humble
knowledge there has not been a single incident in the entire history
of Islam where Muslims had shown their willingness to stop Jihad
just for one condition that they will be allowed to preach Islam
freely. On the contrary the aim of Muslims as declared by them in
the battle of Qadsia was, "To take out people from the rule of
people and put them under the rule of Allah". Similarly, the Qur'an
said:
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"And (you O Believers) fight them until persecution is no more and
the Din is all for Allah." (8:39)
In the exegesis of this verse my reverend father Mufti Muhammad
Shafi has written:
"The meaning of religion is "Authority and domination". Thus the
meaning of this verse would be that Muslims should continue until
the Muslims are safeguarded against their contumacy, and the
religion of Islam becomes a dominating power so that it offers
protection to Muslims from the atrocities and mischiefs of others."
He further said:
"The nutshell of this explanation is that Jihad against the enemies
of Islam is obligatory on Muslims until the danger of their mischief
or evil- doings is over, and the domination of Islam is established
over all other religions. Since this will occur only near the end of
the world, the command of jihad remains till the last day." (Ma'arif
ul Qur'an Vol 4, Pg33)
In short, my humble self is of the view that the purpose of Jihad is
not just to get the right of missionary activities in any country, but
it aims at breaking the grandeur of unbelievers and to establish that
of Muslims. As a result no one will dare to show any evil designs-
against Muslims on one side and on the other side, people subdued
from the grandeur of Islam will have an open mind to think over
the blessings of Islam. Factually, this aims at safeguarding Islam. It
is for this reason that the scholars who have called Jihad "A
Protection" must be looked in the above context. But the basic
element of this "protection" is to break the grandeur of unbelievers
and establish the authority of Islam. Hence this basic element
cannot be excluded from it. I think that all Ulema (Religious
scholars) have established the same concept about the purpose of
Jihad.
Moulana Idrees Kandhalvi stated:
"By commanding Jihad Allah does not mean that all the
unbelievers be killed outright, but the aim is that the religion of
Allah should dominate the world, and Muslims live with honor and
dignity, and obey and worship Allah in peace and tranquility and
there be no danger from unbelievers to interfere in the religion of
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Islam. Islam is not in enmity with the personal existence of its
enemies. It resists such a grandeur and power that may become a
threat for Islam and Muslims." (Seerat-ul-Mustafa vol: 2, p. 388)
At another place he writes:
"The implication of this verse is an obligation imposed on Muslims
to fight against the unbelievers till the disorder and mischief cease
to exist and the religion of Allah becomes supreme. By 'mischief,
in this verse, is meant the mischief anticipated from the grandeur
and power of disbelief. And "The religion is all for Allah" means
the exhibition and domination of religion, while in another verse it
is stated,
^i& cglM6^s5 '*£± k^'-i^j-^Gi
that is, the religion of Islam should gain so much domination and
power that it may not be subdued by the power of infidelity and the
religion of Islam becomes fully secure from the mischief and
danger of disbelief (Ibid voL 2, p. 386)
If the need for Jihad was abandoned just on getting the permission
of Tableegh (Missionary activities), then we see that Muslims
already have this permission in most of the non -Muslim countries
of the world (It is a pity that this permission is not given in some
Muslim countries) which implies that Muslims should never have
to lift the sword. As a result disbelievers may establish and hoist
flags of grandeur all over the world and their awfulness and
supremacy on the people would stay dominating. The policies will
be theirs, the commandments will be theirs, ideologies will be
theirs, views will be theirs and the strategies will be theirs, yet the
Muslims would have to be contended with the permission for their
missionaries to enter those countries. The question arises how
many people would be prepared to listen to the Muslims or give a
serious thought to their speeches and writings in an atmosphere
where disbelief had established its grandeur and awe throughout.
How can the efforts of Muslim missionaries be effective in an
atmosphere where anti-Islamic doctrines are being spread on the
strength of political power with full vigor, and their propagation
carried out with means not possessed by Muslims?
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If however, Islam and Muslims attain such a power and grandeur
against which the power and grandeur of disbelievers be subdued
or at least it may be unable to create sedition and mischief
mentioned above, then, of course, mutual compromise through
peace treaties with non-Muslim countries is not against injunctions
of Jihad. Like wise as long as the required capabilities for breaking
the grandeur of disbelief are not possessed by Muslims, peace
agreements with other countries, along with all efforts to
accumulate the sources of power, are indeed lawful. In other
words, there can be two types of agreement with non-Muslims.
1) Mutual compromise and peace agreements can be made with
countries that have no power which could threaten the
grandeur and domination of Muslims. This will be enforced
as long as they do not become a threat to the Muslims again.
2) If Muslims do not possess the capability of "Jihad with
power" agreement may be made till the power is attained.
My article published in March, 1971 as referred to by you,
pertains to these particular types of agreements. The excerpts
of the article published in June, 1981 pertain to the state
where the grandeur of unbelievers dominates over the
Muslims. Hence your expression that, "Aggressive Jihad is
obligatory against hostile, and non-compromising non-
Muslim states subject to capability, so that their power
breaks and they do not form obstacles in the way of Muslim
Missionary works. Jihad is not advisable against non-hostile
and compromising non-Muslim states who allow freedom of
missionary activities" It is correct if it means what I
explained above. But if it means that just by permitting
missionary activities a non-Muslim state becomes 'non-
hostile and compromising' and Jihad against them does not
remain lawful or desirable, then in my view this is not
correct. Arguments in favour of my view have already been
advanced.
As for your deliberation that "... Particularly these days 1 when
territorial expansion is generally condemned, contrary to the times
when conquering the land was common, which was regarded as a
credit to the attribute of the kings and rulers. The Aggressive
Jihads forming the major parts of Islamic history all belong to the
same era." With all the respects for you I strongly condemn it,
because, if this is taken to be correct it would mean that Islam does
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not have a measure to determine a thing as good or bad. If a bad
thing is counted as an "essential attribute" at the particular time
Islam would begin to march on the footsteps of this practice and
when people begin to condemn it at another time Islam would also
follow the suit. The question is whether Aggressive battle is by
itself is commendable or not? If it is, why the Muslims should stop
simply because territorial expansion in these days is regarded as
bad? And if it is not commendable, but deplorable, why Islam did
not stop it in the past? Did it continue to practice because this was
regarded as a creditable attribute of the kings"?
In my humble opinion this interpretation of the Aggressive Jihad of
Islamic history is extremely incorrect and far away from the facts.
Even in those days when this thing was considered to be a
creditable "Attribute of the kings" aggressive Jihads were waged
not because it was customary for that period of time but because it
was truly commendable for establishing the grandeur of religion of
Allah. There were other "Attributes of the kings" that in the
excitement of victory they never made any distinction between
women, children and old people when persecuting them. But Islam
did not encourage it just because it was customary. On the contrary
Islam not only framed such military rules and regulations but also
practically enforced them as could not even be imagined by the
"kings". These were a matter of great surprise and rather
unbelievable for the people who had not only become used to the
barbarism of those kings but also became their admirers.
Aggressive Jihad is lawful even today for the purpose it was lawful
in those days. Its justification cannot be veiled only because the
peace-loving inventors of Atom Bombs and Hydrogen Bombs label
it as "Expansionism" and resent those who have put the chains of
slavery around the necks of the people of Asia and Africa. They are
still bleeding under these heavy chains.
With due apologies, I may point out that it seems to me the result
of the grandeur of the paganism that people have fixed their
standard of good and bad on the basis of the propaganda which
produces a lie as truth and truth as lie and then causes it to work
into the minds of people to the extent that, to say nothing of non-
Muslims, the Muslims themselves are overawed and inclined to
adopt an apologetic attitude. If breaking such grandeur of
falsehood and evil comes under the definition of "Expansionism"
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we should venerate the blame of this expansionism with complete
self-confidence, rather than stand humble before them as though
saying, "when you thought that Aggressive Jihad was good we
practiced it, but since you have started condemning it in your
books and only in books We have also forbidden it on
ourselves."
My humble self can never agree with this way of thinking.
Humbly yours,
Muhammad Taqi Usmani.
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